Enhanced oil recovery processes: thermal, chemical, and miscible floods

Bottom-up simulations of methane and ethane emissions from global oil and gas systems 1980 to 2012

“…Existing bottom-up inventories of methane emissions from global oil and gas systems do not well explain the top-down trends in methane concentrations observed in the atmosphere (Kirschke et al 2013, Nisbet et al 2014, Hausmann et al 2016. This study recognizes that the emission factors that relate to venting and flaring of associated gas released during oil and gas extraction likely vary considerably across different oil and gas fields in the world, for geological as well as for managerial reasons (Satter et al 2007). A novel approach is used to quantify and attribute methane and ethane emissions from global oil and gas production, combining countryspecific information from published sources with interannual variations in observed flaring of associated gas from satellite images, to arrive at country-specific annual estimates of methane and ethane emissions from flows of associated gas.…”

“…The associated gas fraction is derived as the ratio between associated gas generated and oil or gas produced expressed in energy content terms. It is expected to be country-and year-specific and primarily determined by geological conditions and well age (Satter et al 2007). Country-specific data on oil and gas production and volumes of associated gas recovered for reinjection, and vented or flared are taken from the US Energy Information Administration (EIA 2015a).…”

Two-phase flow in a chemically active porous medium

“…Altogether, the three relevant dimensionless parameters to describe the problem are thus ξ 1 , ξ 2 and r. Note that comparing the local visco-capillarity and chemistry, one can get rid of L in Eqs. (11) and obtains:…”

“…The detailed understanding of such two-phase flows is essential to the development of a sustainable economy, as illustrated in hydrology through CO 2 sequestration in the soil [6,7], and groundwater contamination [8][9][10]. As of today, the most important industrial application in terms of economical impact remains the extraction technique in the oil industry, which consists in injecting pressurized water in the reservoir to sweep away the hydrocarbon from the rocks [11]. Accordingly, most of the studies describing two-phase flows in porous media are carried out in the context of imbibition -wetting fluid displacing non-wetting fluid -or drainage -non-wetting fluid displacing wetting fluid -, an approach relevant to several but not all situations.…”

Evaluation and update of Norwegian and Danish oil production forecasts and implications for Swedish oil import

“…Bottom-up methods may rely solely on physical/empirical factors such as decline curve analysis [8] [9], but can also integrate economic factors [10]. Consequently, bottom-up analysis requires a more detailed and comprehensive data set that may be difficult to obtain due to the lack of transparency in oil producing countries and companies.…”