“…We point out that these luminous animals and their luminescence have been, in general, very poorly investigated: for most of them, only taxonomic description and basic biological notes are available. The only exception is the "Genji-botaru" firefly L. cruciata (Ohba, 1988): its vision (Gleadall et al, 1989;Hariyama et al, 1998;Oba and Kainuma, 2009) and morphological and behavioral variations (Ohba, 2001) have been intensively studied; its luciferin and luciferases, including their structural interaction by X-ray crystallography (Nakatsu et al, 2006) have been identified, and utilized, together with L. lateralis luciferase, for such purposes as sensitive microbial detection and scientific education (Nakano, 1991;Hattori et al, 2003;Murakami et al, 2004); ecological information has been extensively compiled for conservation, educational, and eco-tourism applications (Yajima, 1978;Ohba, 1988Ohba, , 2004cOhba, , 2006Ohba, , 2009Tokyo Fireflies Ecology Institute, 2004); and protocols for rearing it have been established (Ohba, 1988;Tokyo Fireflies Ecology Institute, 2004). There is no doubt that L. cruciata serves as the model organism for the study of bioluminescence and promises to further contribute to our understanding of bioluminescence.…”