Enhanced Mass Transport in Voltammetry by Use of Low Frequency Sound. The Relationship Between Sound Intensity and Current Response, Using External Sound Source

Mikkelsen, Øyvind; Schrøder, Knut H.

doi:10.1002/1521-4109(200010)12:15<1201::aid-elan1201>3.0.co;2-0

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The benefits of coupling ultrasound to electrochemical processes have been recognized and explored for a long time. − However, the subject developed rapidly in the 1990s, especially with respect to electroanalysis as reviewed by Banks et al , Most work has been concerned with frequencies of 20 kHz or above. However, we note that Mikkelsen and Schrøder have demonstrated that the use of low-frequency sound (<150 Hz) in voltammetry can also significantly increase mass transport and so enhance the peak current, increasing the sensitivity of stripping analysis. − Their first systems consisted of a loud speaker either placed within the cell or attached directly to the bottom of the electrode cell. This speaker was then connected to a computer which varied the frequency and amplitude of the sound waves produced in the cell; latterly they have also experimented with attaching the working electrode directly to the speaker itself.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sonically Assisted Electroanalytical Detection of Ultratrace Arsenic

2004

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A simple portable handheld electrochemical sensor with an integrated sound source for the detection of ultratrace quantities of arsenic using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry is described. The sensor uses low-frequency sound (250 Hz) during the arsenic deposition step to enhance the sensitivity of the arsenic stripping response. It is found that under quiescent (silent) conditions a detection limit of 2.1 x 10(-7) M with a sensitivity of 0.51 M(-1) A is achievable using a 120-s accumulation period, while applying low-frequency sound using a "sonotrode" reduced this detection limit to 3.7 x 10(-9) M with an increased sensitivity of 27.2 M(-1) A. Thus, the low-frequency sonotrode is shown to increase the sensitivity by ca. 50 times while reducing the limit of detection by 2 orders of magnitude. A study of the effect of copper contamination is carried out as well as analysis in real samples; it is found that although as expected copper detrimentally effects the arsenic limit of detection, it does not rise significantly above 10(-8) M levels.

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confidence: 99%

Sonically Assisted Electroanalytical Detection of Ultratrace Arsenic

2004

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“…There are some examples where audible sound was applied to enhance convection in stripping analysis [11,13]. Measurements were done with mercury and carbon electrodes.…”

Section: Other Methods Of Enhancementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are only few applications with audible sound in literature [11][12][13]. If the term "sonoelectrochemistry" is used, commonly application of power ultrasound is meant, i.e frequencies between 20 and 100 kHz (in some cases up to 500 kHz) combined with power density ranging from ca.…”

Section: Enhancement By Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stripping Analysis Enhanced by Ultrasound, Electrode Heating and Magnetic Fields

Gründler

2008

CAC

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Stripping analysis is a two-step procedure. In the first step, the analyte is accumulated at an electrode surface either by electrolysis or by adsorption. In the second step, the deposited material is removed, typically by electrolysis. The second step is the source of the analytical signal. Sensitivity of the method mainly depends on the amount of substance which is transferred to the electrode surface during accumulation. The methods reviewed make use of unconventional techniques to enhance efficiency of accumulation. By ultrasound, a combined action of thermal and mechanical impacts, partially with extreme energetic states, causes improvement of analytical results. Heating of electrodes or of a nearelectrode area induces laminar electrolyte flow acting as stirring, combined with increased surface temperature that is helpful to lower kinetic hindrances. Magnetic fields in a cell with arbitrarily increased deposition current enhances convection without additional thermal effects. Most of the techniques reviewed are able to improve the efficiency of stripping analysis much more than could be done by driving classical stirring up to the limits.

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“…Among numerous papers dealing with alternative electrodes, the glassy carbon electrode [7][8][9][10][11] , graphite electrode 12,13 , gold electrode [14][15][16] and silver electrode [17][18][19][20] are important contributions. Also materials like iridium [21][22][23] and palladium 24 are interesting.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Also materials like iridium [21][22][23] and palladium 24 are interesting. But all these electrodes have a limited analytical value because they cannot operate below -900 mV.…”

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Dental Amalgam, an Alternative Electrode Material for Voltammetric Analyses of Pollutants

Mikkelsen

Schrøder

Aarhaug

2001

Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun.

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Liquid mercury and liquid mercury amalgams are superior electrode materials in voltammetry for analytical purposes. This is mainly due to the high overvoltage to hydrogen, which enables the detection of heavy metals with high negative half-wave potentials. Because of the toxicity of mercury and liquid mercury compounds, their use is increasingly restricted, and cannot be included in voltammetric devices for field and on-line applications. Authors have studied properties of dental amalgam as an electrode material in voltammetry. The results show that dental amalgam acts similarly to a silver electrode. Also, it has a high hydrogen overvoltage, allowing it to be used, e.g., for detection of zinc. In addition, due to special properties of dental amalgam compared with mercury itself, it is not toxic. New in this paper is the determination of nickel and cobalt on the dental amalgam electrode using adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (AdCSV). Also, some new data on detection of zinc, cadmium, lead and thallium are presented. The results show that this electrode can be used over a long period of time without any maintenance, which is important for on-line analyses of pollutants in soil and groundwater.

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Enhanced Mass Transport in Voltammetry by Use of Low Frequency Sound. The Relationship Between Sound Intensity and Current Response, Using External Sound Source

Cited by 10 publications

References 42 publications

Sonically Assisted Electroanalytical Detection of Ultratrace Arsenic

Sonically Assisted Electroanalytical Detection of Ultratrace Arsenic

Stripping Analysis Enhanced by Ultrasound, Electrode Heating and Magnetic Fields

Dental Amalgam, an Alternative Electrode Material for Voltammetric Analyses of Pollutants

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