Dental Amalgam, an Alternative Electrode Material for Voltammetric Analyses of Pollutants

Mikkelsen, Øyvind; Schrøder, Knut H.; Aarhaug, Thor Anders

doi:10.1135/cccc20010465

Cited by 41 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…As known, the solubility of cadmium is greater than the solubility of lead in mercury, and consequently a better response for cadmium is observed when diluted amalgams are formed in the mercury drop electrode [52]. However, at the dental amalgam electrode, where solid deposits are formed, lead shows a better response than cadmium.…”

Section: Dental Amalgam Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Amalgam Electrodes for Electroanalysis

2003

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Liquid mercury is a unique material for the indicator electrode in voltammetry. One reason for this is the high overvoltage for hydrogen formation, thus extending the actual potential window. Diluted amalgams are important reaction products in voltammetric (polarographic) processes, however liquid amalgams are rarely used directly as electrode material for analytical purposes. Because of the fact that voltammetry is very suitable for field and remote monitoring, issues concerning the use of mercury electrodes in environmental analyses have led to considerable research effort aimed at finding alternative tools with acceptable performance. Solid electrodes are such alternatives. Different types of electrodes are reviewed. In particular, solid amalgam electrodes are very promising, with acceptable low toxicity to be used for field measurements. Solid amalgam electrodes are easy and cheap to construct and are stable over a reasonable time up to several weeks. Assessment of the toxicity risk and the long time stability for remote and unattended monitoring is discussed. The differences between solid dental amalgam electrodes, made by using techniques known from dental clinical practice, and mercury film or mercury layer electrodes on solid substrates are reviewed. In particular the dental technique for constructing solid amalgam electrodes gives advantage because it×s fast and inexpensive. Also the technique for making dental amalgam has been explored and optimized over years by dentists, giving advantage when the same technique is used for constructing electrodes. Dental amalgam electrodes has been found to act similar to a silver electrodes, but with high overvoltage towards hydrogen. This make it possible to use the dental amalgam electrode for detection of zinc, cobalt and nickel in additions to other metals like lead, copper, thallium, cadmium, bismuth, iron etc. Also the use for reducible organic compounds is expected to be promising.

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Section: Dental Amalgam Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Amalgam Electrodes for Electroanalysis

2003

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“…The working electrode was a solid silver amalgam electrode. Details of the preparation of the silver amalgam electrode, characterization and verification have been given in [33,38]. The diameter of the electrode was 3 mm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Manganese in Natural Media by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a Rotating Solid Silver Amalgam Electrode

et al. 2009

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Detection of Mn(II) using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) on solid silver amalgam electrode is introduced. A well-defined peak for the oxidation of Mn(0) to Mn(II) was observed around À 1.45 V in NH 4 Cl (0.05 M) solution. Concentrations down to 1 mg/L were measured in NH 4 Cl (0.05 M) with 900 s deposition time at À 1.70 V, and good linearity was observed (r 2 avg ¼ 0.993) for standard additions in different concentration ranges (1 -3 mg/L, 10 mg/L -60 mg/L, and 50 mg/L -250 mg/L). For all measurements relative standard deviation was within 5% (n ¼ 9). Interactions between Mn and Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb and Zn were examined, and it was found that lead and nickel significantly interfere, while zinc, cadmium, copper, and mercury did not interfere within reasonable concentration ranges. The method was demonstrated for online detection of manganese in a contaminated river where the Mn(II) concentration varied between 3 and 15 mg/L. The relation between the Mn(II) concentration in the river water and the vessel traffic was observed due to the presence of high concentrations of Mn(II) in anoxic pore waters.

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“…For that reason, new types of nontraditional electrode materials are being investigated. Nontoxic dental amalgam electrode developed by Trondheim research group was found to be suitable for voltammetric determination of zinc, cadmium, lead, thallium, copper, nickel, and cobalt [12]. The same research group has shown that non-toxic silver-based electrodes containing 4% of bismuth, mercury, or lead dioxide exhibit high hydrogen overvoltage making them suitable for voltammetric determination of electrochemically reducible metals [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%