Enhanced incorporation of dietary DHA into lymph phospholipids by altering its molecular carrier

Subbaiah, Papasani V.; Dammanahalli, Karigowda J.; Yang, Peng; Bi, Jian; O’Donnell, J. Michael

doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.05.002

Cited by 31 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Moreover, lymph lipids were mainly composed of PL and TAG and the incorporation of EPA and DHA in lymph lipid fractions occurred independently of the molecular lipid species used (i.e. TAG, PL, lysophospholipids, NEFA) (23,(42)(43)(44) . Indeed, the FA profile of lymph TAG revealed similar n-3 PUFA levels between the three groups, suggesting that EPA and DHA were incorporated in lymph TAG regardless of the molecular FA carrier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitrolipolysis and lymphatic absorption ofn-3 long-chain PUFA in the rat: influence of the molecular lipid species as carrier

et al. 2019

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The aim of this work was to study the bioavailability of fatty acids (FA), focusing on n-3 long-chain (LC) PUFA, carried by different molecular lipid species, that is, phospholipids (PL) or TAG, with three formulations based on fish oils or marine PL, providing a similar n-3 LC PUFA amount. The digestive lipolysis was first assessed using an in vitro enzymatic model. Then, intestinal absorption and enterocyte metabolism were investigated in vivo, on male Wistar rats through lymph lipid analysis. The in vitro results showed that the release of n-3 LC PUFA from lipolysis was increased by 48 % when FA were provided as PL rather than TAG. The in vivo results demonstrated that EPA and DHA from both TAG and PL were similarly absorbed and incorporated into lymph lipids. However, DHA was mainly distributed at the sn-1/3 positions of lymph TAG when provided as marine PL, whereas it was equally distributed at the three positions with marine TAG. On the whole, even if the molecular lipid species of n-3 LC PUFA did not greatly modify the in vivo digestion and absorption steps, it modulated the rearrangement of DHA on the glyceride positions of the lymph TAG, which may further impact the DHA metabolic fate and tissue accretion. Consequently, the present study has provided data which may be used to formulate lipid diets rich in DHA in the context of an insufficient consumption of n-3 PUFA in Western countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitrolipolysis and lymphatic absorption ofn-3 long-chain PUFA in the rat: influence of the molecular lipid species as carrier

et al. 2019

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“…The lipids were extracted from the fractions or tissues by the modified Bligh and Dyer procedure, as described by Ivanova et al (22), after adding tri-15:0 TAG and di-17:0 PC as internal standards. Methylation of FAs of total lipids and GC/MS analysis of the methyl esters was performed as described previously (20,23).…”

Section: Lipid Extraction and Fa Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Part of the LPC may also be hydrolyzed to free EPA, which is then incorporated into chylomicron TAG. Our previous studies on LPC-DHA showed that some of the PC formed from the absorbed LPC is transported in HDL particles secreted by the intestine (23). It is also possible that a part of dietary LPC is absorbed intact and transported in portal blood as LPC because of its hydrophilic property, although experimental evidence for this pathway is lacking.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dietary lysophosphatidylcholine-EPA enriches both EPA and DHA in the brain: potential treatment for depression

Rao

Sugasini

Dasarathi

et al. 2019

Journal of Lipid Research

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The two major long-chain omega 3 FAs in animal tissues are EPA and DHA. Both of these FAs are known to have beneficial effects as anti-inflammatory agents and protect against various metabolic and neurologic diseases. Although the DHA concentration is higher than EPA in most tissues, the brain and retina are unique in having very high levels of DHA but virtually no EPA (1). The major dietary sources of EPA and DHA are fish, fish oil, and krill oil, all of which usually contain more EPA than DHA (2). However, the EPA levels in the brain are not increased significantly following the feeding of fish oil, krill oil, or even ethyl ester of EPA, although other tissues are enriched in both EPA and DHA (3-6). Interestingly, several clinical and preclinical studies showed that dietary EPA is superior to dietary DHA in the prevention and treatment of depression (7-9). It is therefore puzzling how EPA protects against depression without being incorporated appreciably into the brain. To explain this paradox, it has been proposed that the beneficial effects of EPA may result from the suppression of peripheral inflammation or from its hepatic conversion to DHA, rather than from a direct effect on the brain (10). However, the conversion of EPA to DHA cannot explain why dietary DHA does not have similar effects. The lack of enrichment of brain EPA by the dietary EPA has been explained by proposing that EPA is rapidly oxidized by the brain, in contrast to DHA (11,12). This mechanism is supported by kinetic studies with labeled FAs showing the generation of more water-soluble degradation products from EPA, compared with DHA in the brain (10,11). An alternative explanation that has not been explored is that the omega 3 FAs taken up into the brain do not Abstract EPA and DHA protect against multiple metabolic and neurologic disorders. Although DHA appears more effective for neuroinflammatory conditions, EPA is more beneficial for depression. However, the brain contains negligible amounts of EPA, and dietary supplements fail to increase it appreciably. We tested the hypothesis that this failure is due to absorption of EPA as triacylglycerol, whereas the transporter at the blood-brain barrier requires EPA as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). We compared tissue uptake in normal mice gavaged with equal amounts (3.3 mol/day) of either LPC-EPA or free EPA (surrogate for current supplements) for 15 days and also measured target gene expression. Compared with the no-EPA control, LPC-EPA increased brain EPA >100-fold (from 0.03 to 4 mol/g); free EPA had little effect. Furthermore, LPC-EPA, but not free EPA, increased brain DHA 2-fold. Free EPA increased EPA in adipose tissue, and both supplements increased EPA and DHA in the liver and heart. Only LPC-EPA increased EPA and DHA in the retina, and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cyclic AMP response element binding protein, and 5-hydroxy tryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A in the brain. These novel results show that brain EPA can be increased through diet. Because LPC-EPA increase...

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“…This is not a generalized phenomenon as LA levels were unchanged throughout the experimental period. This study adds to the current literature demonstrating increased systemic and tissue DHA levels through modification of the carrier system and/or fatty acid structure to facilitate absorption and optimize tissue incorporation [15]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Use of a novel docosahexaenoic acid formulation vs control in a neonatal porcine model of short bowel syndrome leads to greater intestinal absorption and higher systemic levels of DHA

et al. 2017

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Infants with short bowel syndrome (SBS) are at high risk for malabsorption, malnutrition, and failure to thrive. The objective of this study was to evaluate in a porcine model of SBS, the systemic absorption of a novel enteral Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) formulation that forms micelles independent of bile salts (DHA-ALT®). We hypothesized that enteral delivery of DHA-ALT® would result in higher blood levels of DHA compared to a control DHA preparation due to improved intestinal absorption. SBS was induced in term piglets through a 75% mid-jejunoileal resection and the piglets randomized to either DHA-ALT® or control DHA formulation (N=5 per group) for 4 postoperative days. The median ± IQR difference in final versus starting weight was 696 ± 425g in the DHA-ALT® group compared to 132 ± 278g in the controls (p=.08). Within 12 hours, median ± IQR DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid plasma levels (mol%) were significantly higher in the DHA-ALT® vs. control group (4.1 ± 0.3 vs 2.5 ± 0.5, p=0.009; 0.7 ± 0.3 vs 0.2 ± 0.005, p=0.009, respectively). There were lower fecal losses of DHA and greater ileal tissue incorporation with DHA-ALT® versus the control. Morphometric analyses demonstrated an increase in proximal jejunum and distal ileum villus height in the DHA-ALT® group compared to controls (p=0.01). In a neonatal porcine model of SBS, enteral administration of a novel DHA preparation that forms micelles independent of bile salts resulted in increased fatty acid absorption, increased ileal tissue incorporation, and increased systemic levels of DHA.

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Enhanced incorporation of dietary DHA into lymph phospholipids by altering its molecular carrier

Cited by 31 publications

References 39 publications

In vitrolipolysis and lymphatic absorption ofn-3 long-chain PUFA in the rat: influence of the molecular lipid species as carrier

In vitrolipolysis and lymphatic absorption ofn-3 long-chain PUFA in the rat: influence of the molecular lipid species as carrier

Dietary lysophosphatidylcholine-EPA enriches both EPA and DHA in the brain: potential treatment for depression

Use of a novel docosahexaenoic acid formulation vs control in a neonatal porcine model of short bowel syndrome leads to greater intestinal absorption and higher systemic levels of DHA

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