Enhanced Efficiency of Hot‐Cast Large‐Area Planar Perovskite Solar Cells/Modules Having Controlled Chloride Incorporation

Abstract

Organic-inorganic perovskite photovoltaics are an emerging solar technology.Developing materials and processing techniques that can be implemented in large-scale manufacturing is extremely important for realizing the potential of commercialization. Here we report a hot-casting process with controlled Cl − incorporation which enables high stability and high power-conversionefficiencies (PCEs) of 18.2% for small area (0.09 cm 2 ) and 15.4% for largearea (≈1 cm 2 ) single solar cells. The enhanced performance versus tri-iodide perovskites can be ascribed to longer carrier diffusion lengths, improved uniformity of the perovskite film morphology, favorable perovskite crystallite orientation, a halide concentration gradient in the perovskite film, and reduced recombination by introducing Cl − . Additionally, Cl − improves the device stability by passivating the reaction between I − and the silver electrode. Highquality thin films deployed over a large-area 5 cm × 5 cm eight-cell module have been fabricated and exhibit an active-area PCE of 12.0%. The feasibility of material and processing strategies in industrial large-scale coating techniques is then shown by demonstrating a "dip-coating" process which shows promise for large throughput production of perovskite solar modules.

A Two‐Dimensional Hole‐Transporting Material for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with 20 % Average Efficiency

“…Compared to the smaller cells,t he 1.08 cm 2 cell shows as omewhat decreased FF and PCE, which is possibly caused by the defect formation in large-area thin films and the unoptimized electrode configuration. [18] Very similar EQE spectra were recorded from the five different positions of the 1.08 cm 2 device as shown in the Supporting Information, Figure S6c, indicating the good homogeneity of the film and interface.…”

Combination of Hybrid CVD and Cation Exchange for Upscaling Cs‐Substituted Mixed Cation Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Stability

“…The champion module prepared by the HCVD-CE method shows a V oc of 5.84 V, I sc of 44.08 mA, FF of 68.1%, and PCE of 14.6%, which is one of the highest performing perovskite large-area solar module to date (Figure 2e). [43][44][45]55,[69][70][71][72][73][74][75] As comparison, the champion module prepared by the anti-solvent method shows a much lower champion module PCE of 8.6% (Figure 2f). Photograph of a HCVD-CE prepared module is shown in the inset of Figure 2g and the photovoltaic parameters of 1-6 cells in series are listed in Table S4 (Supporting Information).…”

“…[43] Influence of the sheet resistance increase can be largely overcome by optimizing the device structure for single cells, for example, depositing 100 nm thick Au busbar under the electron transport layer [44] or designing suitable device geometry, for example, tuning the width of the subcells and optimizing the interconnection between subcells for modules. [45] Fabrication techniques such as hybrid chemical vapor deposition (CVD), [46][47][48][49] spray coating, [50,51] screen printing, [52,53] and hot casting [54,55] have been developed and shown promising results in achieving large-area uniformity and easy accessibility. However, most large-area single cell/module optimization is based on MAPbI 3 and FAPbI 3 , which are known to suffer from the instability issue.…”

Stitching triple cation perovskite by a mixed anti-solvent process for high performance perovskite solar cells

“…[1][2] During this process, most works focus on deposition methods, interface engineering, hysteresis in the current-voltage curves of PSCs and the application of new functional materials. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] In order to make it more conducive to practical application, the degradation mechanism of perovskite in air and the fabrication process of larger sized devices are investigated by a lot of research groups. [13][14][15][16][17] As a result, precisely controlling the growth of perovskite crystals has also become an interesting topic to explore the fundamental properties and growth dynamics of high quality perovskite films for efficient solar cells.…”