Enhanced Antibacterial activity of eugenol loaded m-PEG/PCL nanoparticles in eliminating resistant bacteria from wastewater

Abstract

In this study, eugenol loaded m-PEG/PCL nanoparticles were used to make better the anti-bacterial properties of eugenol in an attempt to eliminate the resistant bacteria. m-PEG/PCL copolymer was prepared by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone monomer in the vicinity of dry m-PEG and tin (II) octoate catalyst. Polymeric nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation procedure. The particle size and zeta potential of mPEG/PCL/eugenol were specified to be 157.23 ± 3.81 nm and − 6.95 ± 0.19 mv, respectively. The polymeric nanoparticle structure was identified by AFM, FT-IR, and DSC techniques. To evaluate and compare the anti-bacterial efficiency of m-PEG/PCL/eugenol and free eugenol, a turbidity assay was used in association with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Images of SEM were taken from bacteria before and after exposure to the mPEG/PCL/eugenol. Colony-forming unit per milliliter (CFU/ml) method was considered to follow the effect of mPEG/PCL/eugenol on bacteria growth rate in the original hospital wastewater. The results showed that m-PEG/PCL/eugenol nanoparticles at 40 µM concentration show the enormous antibacterial effect at 37°C. In original hospital wastewater, m-PEG/PCL/eugenol in the concentration of 0.125 µM at 25 ° C showed the greatest growth decrease of microbial total count.

Hospital wastewater treatment using eco‐friendly eugenol nanostructured lipid carriers: Formulation, optimization, and in vitro study for antibacterial and antioxidant properties

“…The antibacterial activity of NLC-eugenol and free eugenol was determined by turbidity assay on the standard and wild bacterial strains containing Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) (Raj aLohani & Nath aNeupane, 2012). In the previous article, the characteristics of bacteria were reported (Shajari et al, 2020). Based on the results, the antibacterial activity of NLCeugenol was more than that of free eugenol at the same concentration, which was due to the higher solubility of eugenol in media when it was loaded in NLC-eugenol (Huh & Kwon, 2011).…”

“…The results of this study confirm the results of the previous research (Gandomi et al, 2012;Kilian et al, 2011;Serri et al, 2018;Shajari et al, 2020). There are several reports about the eugenol minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the published literature.…”

“…In another study, carvacrol encapsulated into NLC was tested against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, and Salmonella spp. (Cacciatore et al, 2020;Khezri et al, 2020;Shajari et al, 2020). As reported by the World Health Organization, medicinal herbs are good sources to prepare different antimicrobial compounds (Anand et al, 2019).…”

Antibacterial activity and mechanism of piperazine polymer

“…Considering that the additional outer membranes of E. coli confer higher resistance to direct contact interactions than that of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ), we chose E. coli as the object of our research. In addition, it has been reported that differences in antibacterial activities originate not only from the treatment methodology and antibacterial material itself but also from the external environment 31–33 . We investigated the rapid killing effect of PE and PEM on E. coli and the effect of environmental factors on the bactericidal properties of the materials.…”