Enhanced and tunable surface plasmons in two-dimensional<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Ti</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>stacks: Electronic structure versus boundary effects

Mauchamp, Vincent; Bugnet, Matthieu; Bellido, Edson P.; Botton, Gianluigi A.; Moreau, Philippe; Magné, Damien; Naguib, Michael; Cabioc’h, Thierry; Barsoum, Michel W.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.89.235428

Cited by 132 publications

(127 citation statements)

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“…To this point, the electronic [34], dielectric [35], magnetic [36][37][38][39], elastic [40], thermoelectric [41], and optical properties [42] of MXene have been reported via theoretical computations. Few experiments have yet strongly confirmed these predictions.…”

Section: Electronic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in MXene: Preparation, properties, and applications

2015

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Owing to the exceptional properties of graphene, intensive studies have been carried out on novel two-dimensional (2D) materials. In the past several years, an elegant exfoliation approach has been used to successfully create a new family of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, termed MXene, from layered MAX phases. More recently, some unique properties of MXene have been discovered leading to proposals of potential applications. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in development of MXene from both a theoretical and experimental view, with emphasis on the possible applications.

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Section: Electronic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in MXene: Preparation, properties, and applications

2015

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“…Recently, it was shown that the plasmon frequencies of multiple MXene sheets are a weak function of the number of sheets. 16 However, MXene properties can in principle be tuned by surface groups 6,7,[17][18][19] and by native defects. 10 While there have been a number of theoretical investigations on MXenes and their properties, e.g., 7,15 there have been few, if any, direct observations at atomic resolution which [1100]…”

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confidence: 99%

Atomically Resolved Structural and Chemical Investigation of Single MXene Sheets

et al. 2015

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The properties of two dimensional (2D) materials depend strongly on the chemical and electrochemical activity of their surfaces. MXene, one of the most recent additions to 2D materials, shows great promise as an energy storage material. In the present investigation, the chemical and structural properties of individual Ti 3 C 2 MXene sheets with associated surface groups are investigated at the atomic level by aberration corrected STEM-EELS. The MXene sheets are shown to exhibit a non-uniform coverage of O-based surface groups which locally affect the chemistry. Additionally, native point defects which are proposed to affect the local surface chemistry, such as oxidized titanium adatoms (TiO x ), are identified and found to be mobile. * To whom correspondence should be addressed † Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden The latter originate from the MAX phases, consisting of a transition metal (M), an Agroup (A) element and C or N (X). 4 The significance of the MAX phases stems from their laminated structure, where M n+1 X n sheets are interleaved with atomically thin A layers. 5,6The M-X bonds consist of a mixture of covalent, metallic, and ionic bonds 6 making MXene exceptionally strong and hence appealing for new applications. 6-8MXenes are synthesized from the MAX phases by removal of A-layers through chemical etching, resulting in stand-alone 2D sheets. 5,6,8,9 is crucial to advance the understanding of MXenes. Here, we investigate the structural properties of single, double and multiple sheets of Ti 3 C 2 T x with attached surface groups by atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The elemental and chemical properties were further investigated by electron energy loss spectroscopy spectrum imaging (EELS SI). Through these methods we identify the atomic structure of the MXene sheets as well as intrinsic defects, surface and edge terminations by the partial coverage of surface groups. We also report on the mobility and migration of intrinsic defects and surface groups.Ti 3 C 2 T x powder was produced from Ti 3 AlC 2 which was prepared by ball-milling Ti 2 AlC (> 92 wt%, 3-ONE-2, Voorhees, NJ) and TiC (99 %, Johnson Matthey Electronic, NY) powders in a 1:1 molar ratio for 24 h using zirconia balls. The mixture was annealed at 1350• C for 2 h in argon. The sintered compact was converted to a powder by milling. Ti 3 C 2 MXene powder was prepared by immersing 2.5 g of < 400 mesh Ti 3 AlC 2 powder in 1 M of NH 4 HF 2 (Sigma Aldrich, USA) solution for 5 days. After treatment the suspension was washed several times using deionized water and centrifuged to separate the settled powder from the supernatant. The settled powders were removed from vials using ethanol and dried at room temperature. TEM samples were prepared by crushing the powder in a mortar and 3 dispersing the powder on a holey carbon Cu TEM-grid, followed by immediately insertion into the TEM.Characterization was performed using the Linköping double corrected FE...

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“…The shift is also affected by changing positions of surface groups, causing a change of the C-O bond lengths [139]. This can be observed as a change of surface plasmons [125] and shift of core electrons, which can be observed by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) (see Section 4.4.2). In Paper III, this was observed to affect the local electronic structure.…”

Section: Effect On Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sheets are held together through van der Waals interaction [114,123], which contribute to the stability of MXene [124]. Due to the low interaction between MXene sheets, the properties are independent of the number of sheets [111,125]. MXene sheets can be separated by different methods described in Section 3.3.2.…”

Section: Properties 21mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the few experimental investigations of single sheets are Papers III-V and recently [128]. Due to the small interaction between MXene sheets, the properties of multilayer MXene is almost identical to single layers [30,114,125,129]. The experimental measurements and theoretical predictions are not always consistent, as the MXene surfaces are covered by a random distribution of surface groups and intercalants which makes prediction of properties difficult.…”

Section: Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transmission Electron Microscopy of 2D Materials: Structure and Surface Properties

Karlsson¹

2016

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Linköping 2016Cover: Multiple stacked Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene sheets imaged by low-voltage, monochromated, aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy.During the course of research underlying this thesis, Linda Karlsson was enrolled in Agora Materiae, a multidiciplinary doctoral program at Linköping University, Sweden.c Linda Karlsson, unless stated otherwise Printed by LiU-Tryck 2016 I rarely end up where I was intending to go, but often I end up somewhere I needed to be. -Douglas Adams The Long Dark Tea-Time of The Soul AbstractDuring recent years, new types of materials have been discovered with unique properties. One family of such materials are two-dimensional materials, which include graphene and MXene. These materials are stronger, more flexible, and have higher conductivity than other materials. As such they are highly interesting for new applications, e.g. specialized in vivo drug delivery systems, hydrogen storage, or as replacements of common materials in e.g. batteries, bulletproof clothing, and sensors. The list of potential applications is long for these new materials.As these materials are almost entirely made up of surfaces, their properties are strongly influenced by interaction between their surfaces, as well as with molecules or adatoms attached to the surfaces (surface groups). This interaction can change the materials and their properties, and it is therefore imperative to understand the underlying mechanisms. Surface groups on two-dimensional materials can be studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), where high energy electrons are transmitted through a sample and the resulting image is recorded. However, the high energy needed to get enough resolution to observe single atoms damages the sample and limits the type of materials which can be analyzed. Lowering the electron energy decreases the damage, but the image resolution at such conditions is severely limited by inherent imperfections (aberrations) in the TEM. During the last years, new TEM models have been developed which employ a low acceleration voltage together with aberration correction, enabling imaging at the atomic scale without damaging the samples. These aberration-corrected TEMs are important tools in understanding the structure and chemistry of two-dimensional materials.In this thesis the two-dimensional materials graphene and Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene have been investigated by low-voltage, aberration-corrected (scanning) TEM. High temperature annealing of graphene covered by residues from the synthesis is studied, as well as the structure and surface groups on single and double Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene. These results are important contributions to the understanding of this class of materials and how their properties can be controlled. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattningTvådimensionella material har unika egenskaper som beror på deras speciella struktur. De lämpar sig därmed väl för framtidens elektronik som kräver dels kontroll ner på atomnivå och dels atomärt tunna material. Jag har undersökt dessa egenskaper med Linköping...

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Enhanced and tunable surface plasmons in two-dimensionalTi3C2stacks: Electronic structure versus boundary effects

Cited by 132 publications

References 42 publications

Recent advances in MXene: Preparation, properties, and applications

Recent advances in MXene: Preparation, properties, and applications

Atomically Resolved Structural and Chemical Investigation of Single MXene Sheets

Transmission Electron Microscopy of 2D Materials: Structure and Surface Properties

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