Enhanced Adsorptive Removal of Dyes Using Mandarin Peel Biochars via Chemical Activation with NH4Cl and ZnCl2

Abstract

This study examined differences in the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics of the dyes (methyl orange and fast green FCF) by pristine (M–biochar) and chemical activated mandarin peel biochars (MN–biochar and MZ–biochar). The specific surface area (1085.0 m2/g) and pore volume (0.194 cm3/g) of MZ-biochar much higher than those of the M–biochar (specific surface area = 8.5 m2/g, pore volume = 0.016 cm3/g) and MN–biochar (specific surface area = 181.1 m2/g, pore volume = 0.031 cm3/g). The equilibrium adsorption capacities (mg/g) of MO and FG using M–biochar (MO = 0.95, FG = 0.78) MN–biochar (MO = 2.52, FG = 2.13), and MZ–biochar (MO = 16.27, FG = 12.44) have well-matched the pseudo-second-order model (R2 ≥ 0.952) compared with the pseudo-first-order model (R2 ≥ 0.008). Furthermore, the better explanation of the adsorption behavior of dyes by the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 ≥ 0.978) than the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 ≥ 0.881) supports the assumption that the multilayer adsorption governed the adsorption of dyes using mandarin peel biochars. The adsorptions of dyes were significantly dependent on the solution pH and temperature since the electrostatic and spontaneous endothermic reactions governed their removal using the pristine and chemical activated mandarin peel biochars.

Development of Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Fe3O4‐Biochar Nanocomposite as Fenton‐like Catalysts for Degradation of Fast Green

“…The Fe 3 O 4 ‐Biochar nanocomposite catalyst system was compared with various catalytic systems for the Fenton degradation of FG, as presented in Table 1 [45–50] . These comparative results were obtained under different reaction conditions for each catalyst.…”

“…The Fe 3 O 4 -Biochar nanocomposite catalyst system was compared with various catalytic systems for the Fenton degradation of FG, as presented in Table 1. [45][46][47][48][49][50] These comparative results were obtained under different reaction conditions for each catalyst. A nanocomposite based on a triazine covalent organic polymer blended with Porous g-C 3 N 4 was utilized for the photocatalytic degradation of Rose Bengal and Fast Green.…”

Enhanced Adsorption of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Phase Using Chitosan–Palmer Amaranth Biochar Composite Microspheres

“…This interest stems from its large specific surface area, multiple functional groups and good environmental friendliness [15]. At present, biochar sourced from chicken manure [16], rice husk [17], sheep manure [18], mandarin peel [19], pine cone [20], date palm petioles [21], sawdust, bamboo and palm [22] have been investigated for MO adsorption. However, the majority of these biochar adsorbents exhibit limited MO adsorption capacities (lower than 100 mg/g) [16][17][18][19][20]22].…”

“…At present, biochar sourced from chicken manure [16], rice husk [17], sheep manure [18], mandarin peel [19], pine cone [20], date palm petioles [21], sawdust, bamboo and palm [22] have been investigated for MO adsorption. However, the majority of these biochar adsorbents exhibit limited MO adsorption capacities (lower than 100 mg/g) [16][17][18][19][20]22]. Hence, there exists a necessity to develop biochar-derived adsorbents with enhanced MO adsorption capabilities to ensure effective dye removal.…”

Wastewater Treatment with the Natural Sorbents from the Arctic

“…These requirements force researchers to turn to other naturally occurring phytosorbents [12]. These can be peat, different plants, grated bark and tree branches, and agricultural or woodworking waste [13][14][15][16][17]. The main drawback of the natural materials is their low sorption capacity, which is also adversely affected by their increased hydrophilicity.…”