Engineering Polysaccharides for Tissue Repair and Regeneration

Abstract

The success of repair or regeneration depends greatly on the architecture of 3D scaffolds that finely mimic natural extracellular matrix to support cell growth and assembly. Polysaccharides have excellent biocompatibility with intrinsic biological cues and they have been extensively investigated as scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). The physical and biochemical structures of natural polysaccharides, however, can barely meet all the requirements of tissue‐engineered scaffolds. To take advantage of their inherent properties, many innovative approaches including chemical, physical, or joint modifications have been employed to improve their properties. Recent advancement in molecular and material building technology facilitates the fabrication of advanced 3D structures with desirable properties. This review focuses on the latest progress of polysaccharide‐based scaffolds for TERM, especially those that construct advanced architectures for tissue regeneration.

Polysaccharide‐based biomaterials in a journey from 3D to 4D printing

“…(e) Histological assessment of wound healing process after 1, 2, and 10 weeks. (f) Quantitative diagram of regenerated adipocyte area 1 week after the implantation 85,122 …”

“…(f) Quantitative diagram of regenerated adipocyte area 1 week after the implantation. 85,122 biomaterials for 3D and 4D bioprinting. 117 In the form of a hydrogel, they can be easily utilized in pressure-assisted micro-syringe and inkjet techniques, such that the final scaffold reveals high porosity and interconnectivity, particularly the ability to cell culture and drug loading [118][119][120] (Figure 5).…”

Recent Advances in Bioengineered Scaffolds for Cutaneous Wound Healing

“…The mixture of alginate, fibrin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid was pre-loaded with dermal and epidermal cells, and their deposition onto inclined and irregular wound surfaces achieved enhanced wound healing on both murine and porcine models, which they believe may find many applications for non-regular wounds. Maintaining cell viability within sterile scaffolds remains a challenge, and there is a long way to go to translate 3D bioprinted cell-laden scaffolds into clinics ( Wu et al, 2021b ).…”

“…Biological scaffolds lead the way in regenerative therapeutics. Immunomodulating ( Wu et al, 2021a ) and polysaccharide-based ( Wu et al, 2021b ) scaffolds were previously discussed, respectively, which is not the focus of this review. In this review, we will focus on the latest advancement in all biomaterial scaffolds for wound healing.…”

Polysaccharide-based nanocomposites for biomedical applications: a critical review

“…One approach is to add 2D or 3D nanomaterials to the PSAs in order to make them strongly interacted and accelerate their shear thinning behavior. 226,227 As an instance, 2D nanosilicate reinforced kappa-carrageenan (kCA) hydrogel was prepared in order to give it shear thinning characteristics, higher mechanical stiffness, elastomeric properties, and physiological stability. Scientists utilized this new platform for the delivery of human mesenchymal stem cells and their analysis demonstrated the high cell viability (85% cell viability) (Fig.…”