Engineering bunched Pt-Ni alloy nanocages for efficient oxygen reduction in practical fuel cells

Tian, Xinlong; Zhao, Xiao; Su, Yaqiong; Wang, Lijuan; Wang, Hongming; Dang, Dai; Chi, Bin; Liu, Hongfang; Hensen, Emiel J. M.; Lou, Xiong Wen David; Xia, Bao Yu

doi:10.1126/science.aaw7493

Cited by 1,076 publications

(800 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…[ 1,2 ] Among variable alternatives, hydrogen has been considered as one ideal energy carrier because its combustion product is no more than water. [ 3–5 ] Electrochemical water splitting is one of the most promising strategies to create high‐purity hydrogen on a large scale in a green and economic way. [ 6,7 ] During this fuel production process, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is regarded as the bottleneck due to its sluggish reaction kinetics with non‐negligible overpotential (η), even using comparatively high‐activity catalysts (such as IrO 2 and RuO 2 ).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Designed Formation of Double‐Shelled Ni–Fe Layered‐Double‐Hydroxide Nanocages for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction

et al. 2020

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Delicate design of nanostructures for oxygen‐evolution electrocatalysts is an important strategy for accelerating the reaction kinetics of water splitting. In this work, Ni–Fe layered‐double‐hydroxide (LDH) nanocages with tunable shells are synthesized via a facile one‐pot self‐templating method. The number of shells can be precisely controlled by regulating the template etching at the interface. Benefiting from the double‐shelled structure with large electroactive surface area and optimized chemical composition, the hierarchical Ni–Fe LDH nanocages exhibit appealing electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolyte. Particularly, double‐shelled Ni–Fe LDH nanocages can achieve a current density of 20 mA cm−2 at a low overpotential of 246 mV with excellent stability.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Designed Formation of Double‐Shelled Ni–Fe Layered‐Double‐Hydroxide Nanocages for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction

et al. 2020

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“…As an alternative to the conventional catalysts based upon solid nanoparticles, nanocages have recently emerged as an intriguing class of catalysts for various reactions . The characteristic hollow structure, ultrathin and porous walls of nanocages are advantageous in maximizing the atom utilization efficiency while the well‐controlled surface structures could be leveraged to optimize the active sites . One effective route to the synthesis of nanocages is based upon galvanic replacement, which involves the spontaneous reduction of metal ions at the expense of oxidation of a sacrificial template .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pd‐Ru Alloy Nanocages with a Face‐Centered Cubic Structure and Their Enhanced Activity toward the Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol and Glycerol

et al. 2020

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drawbacks, including the low boiling point and high toxicity of methanol, together with severe catalyst poisoning during long-term operation. [3,4] To address these issues, one can switch to alcohols with high molecular weights, such as ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol that feature high boiling points and low toxicity. [5] With regard to the catalyst, an effective strategy is to incorporate Ru into the conventional Pd catalysts for the formation of a Pd-Ru alloy. The alloy-based catalysts are capable of not only enhancing the activity by modulating the electronic structure but also significantly improving the durability owing to the increased resistance to CO poisoning. [6][7][8] Additionally, compared with other precious metals such as Pt and Rh, Ru has a relatively high abundance in the Earth's crust and its current price is about three times lower than those of Pt and Rh, making it promising for the large-scale use in commercial applications. [9] However, Pd and Ru take completely different crystal structures in the bulk, face-centered cubic (fcc) for Pd versus hexagonal close-packed (hcp) for Ru, and their reduction potentials also show significant difference (Pd 2+ /Pd: 0.95 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE); Ru 3+ /Ru: 0.39 V vs SHE), making it challenging to synthesize Pd-Ru alloy catalysts with controllable compositions and structures. Thus far, the Pd-Ru catalysts reported in literature were mainly based on irregular nanoparticles, and nanoflowers or nanobranches featuring a low content of Ru. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] As an alternative to the conventional catalysts based upon solid nanoparticles, nanocages have recently emerged as an intriguing class of catalysts for various reactions. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The characteristic hollow structure, ultrathin and porous walls of nanocages are advantageous in maximizing the atom utilization efficiency while the well-controlled surface structures could be leveraged to optimize the active sites. [26,27] One effective route to the synthesis of nanocages is based upon galvanic replacement, which involves the spontaneous reduction of metal ions at the expense of oxidation of a sacrificial template. [28] Moreover, galvanic replacement can be completed within a short period, making it attractive for practical applications. [29][30][31] Regarding the synthesis of Pd-Ru nanocages, despite the well-established protocols for the production of Pd nanocrystals with diverse This article reports a facile method for the synthesis of Pd-Ru nanocages by activating the galvanic replacement reaction between Pd nanocrystals and a Ru(III) precursor with Iions. The as-synthesized nanocages feature a hollow interior, ultrathin wall of ≈2.5 nm in thickness, and a cubic shape. Our quantitative study suggests that the reduction rate of the Ru(III) precursor can be substantially accelerated upon the introduction of Iions and then retarded as the ratio of I -/Ru 3+ is increased. The Pd-Ru nanocages take an alloy structure, with the Ru atoms in the nano cages cr...

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“…Common methods usually include two or more steps, such as underpotential deposition, use of a sacrificial template, and galvanic replacement, and such procedures are complicated and time‐consuming. The Xia group adopted a two‐step method to prepare PtNi nanocages, involving the synthesis of PtNi nanospheres and an etching treatment under acidic conditions (Figure a) . Despite their successful etching treatment, structural collapse is inevitable to some extent in other samples.…”

Section: Three‐dimensional Nanostructuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a) Illustration of the preparation of PtNi nanocages (reprinted with permission from Ref. , Copyright 2019 Science). b) Low‐resolution TEM images and c) high‐angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy image of PtCu nanocages.…”

Section: Three‐dimensional Nanostructuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Achievements in Noble Metal Catalysts with Unique Nanostructures for Liquid Fuel Cells

Sun

2020

ChemSusChem

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In recent years, research efforts have been focused on the design and fabrication of highly efficient catalysts for liquid fuel cells, because the use of these cells is an important approach for alleviating environmental pollution and energy crises. However, the limitations of the catalytic performance of industrial Pt/C have strongly hindered the development of these fuel cells. The catalyst morphology has a strong impact on its performance; nanostructured catalysts are preferred as they offer large specific surface area and more exposed active centers. In view of this, many catalysts with unique structures have been synthesized in recent years, all of which show excellent catalytic performance characteristics. Despite these achievements, few efforts have been made to survey this field comprehensively. Herein, the recent advances in catalysts for liquid fuel cells are summarized, with a focus on noble metal catalysts with unique morphologies such as nanowires, nanosheets, and assembly structures. Their formation mechanisms are discussed critically. The relationship between the unique morphologies and excellent performance of these catalysts is also explored. This work may provide guidelines for the further development of liquid fuel cells.

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Engineering bunched Pt-Ni alloy nanocages for efficient oxygen reduction in practical fuel cells

Cited by 1,076 publications

References 55 publications

Designed Formation of Double‐Shelled Ni–Fe Layered‐Double‐Hydroxide Nanocages for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Designed Formation of Double‐Shelled Ni–Fe Layered‐Double‐Hydroxide Nanocages for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Pd‐Ru Alloy Nanocages with a Face‐Centered Cubic Structure and Their Enhanced Activity toward the Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol and Glycerol

Recent Achievements in Noble Metal Catalysts with Unique Nanostructures for Liquid Fuel Cells

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