Engine performance during tractor operational period

Janulevičius, Algirdas; Juostas, Antanas; Pupinis, Gediminas

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2013.01.001

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…According to literature, most of tractors run at 50-70% of PmMAX during their whole life cycle (Janulevičius et al, 2013a(Janulevičius et al, , 2013bKim et al, 2013;Lacour et al, 2014). However, λ significantly varies during the operation and strongly influences FC.…”

Section: Methodology Definition Engine Load (λ)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different methods are proposed in literature to assess EM in tractors engines (Hansson et al, 2001;Nemecek and Kägi, 2007;Schäffeler and Keller, 2008;Lindgren et al, 2010;Janulevičius et al, 2013aJanulevičius et al, , 2013bKim et al, 2013). However, only Schäffeler and Keller (2008) make available a tool accessible according to the EU Directive and, consequently, to the engine of the specific tractor present in ENVIAM database.…”

Section: Fuel Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to literature, there are several methods to calculate FC (Grisso et al, 2004;Lazzari and Mazzetto, 2005;Serrano et al, 2007;Janulevičius et al, 2013a;Sørensen et al, 2014).…”

Section: Fuel Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A new tool for life cycle inventories of agricultural machinery operations

Lovarelli

Bacenetti

Fiala

2016

J Agricult Engineer

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The interest in environmental assessments about agricultural processes is fast growing and asking for new tools for accurate impact evaluations. The methodology commonly used to go through these studies is the life cycle assessment, of which the inventory phase (life cycle inventory, LCI) is an essential step. For studies focusing on agricultural productions, the completion of LCI is particularly complex: taking into account the pedo-climatic and mechanical operative variability is evidently difficult. However, the prediction of the environmental impact of mechanical operations caused by the agricultural sector is essential to quantify the impact categories for which it is responsible.A new tool, ENVIAM, was developed to complete LCI to guarantee the availability of local data that describe the mechanical and pedo-climatic conditions occurring in the Po Valley area and widely applicable as well. It calculates mechanical power requests, directly consumed inputs (i.e., fuel, lubricant) and material consumption of a productive system by taking into account soil texture, specific machinery operations and coupling solutions as defined by the user. A subdivision of working time and defined engine load have been considered to calculate fuel consumption; with regard to outputs, exhaust gases emissions from internal combustion engines have been assessed by evaluating the emissive stages of belonging as stated by the EU Directive. A case study was also performed to highlight the differences that occur when an analysis is fulfilled in a context with features different from the average, and resulted in significant variations for the inventory. In more details, a comparison was carried out both with Ecoinvent database and within ENVIAM. With regard to fuel consumption, by changing the soil texture, the analysis showed a range between 64%-184% for sandy and clay soils, respectively, if compared with medium texture ones. With this tool, local contexts defined either as real or as optimised coupling solutions can be investigated to assess their environmental impact.

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Section: Methodology Definition Engine Load (λ)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fuel Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A new tool for life cycle inventories of agricultural machinery operations

Lovarelli

Bacenetti

Fiala

2016

J Agricult Engineer

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“…Kim et al (2013) evaluated the performances of a tractor diesel engine fueled by three different animal fats biodiesels those produced less exhaust gases of CO 2 , CO, NO X and THC. Janulevicius et al (2013) presented a methodology for determining operational indicators suitable for collection and analysis of information on engine operating modes, fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions during tractor's operation period. Most of the fuel (almost 43%) was consumed at high torque (> 50% M max ) and medium speed (from 1100 to 1900 rpm) mode and approximately 30% was consumed at high torque and high speed (> 1900 rpm) mode.…”

Section: Fuel and Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Trends for Performance, Safety, and Comfort Evaluation of Agricultural Tractors: A Review

Kabir¹,

Ryu²,

Chung³

et al. 2014

Journal of Biosystems Engineering

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Background: Significant technological development and changes happened in the tractor industries. Contrariwise, the test procedures of the major standard development organizations (SDO's) remained unchanged or with a little modification over the years, demanding new tractor test standards or improvement of existing ones for tractor performance, safety, and comfort. Purpose: This study focuses on reviewing the research trends regarding performance, safety and comfort evaluation of agricultural tractors. Based on this review, few recommendations were proposed to revise or improve the current test standards. Review: Tractor power take-off power test using the DC electric dynamometer reduced human error in the testing process and increased the accuracy of the test results. GPS signals were used to determine acceleration and converted into torque. High capacity double extended octagonal ring dynamometer has been designed to measure drawbar forces. Numerical optimization methodology has been used to design three-point hitch. Numerous technologies, driving strategies, and transmission characteristics are being considered for reducing emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants. Engine emission control technology standards need to be revised to meet the exhaust regulations for agricultural tractors. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program has been used to design Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS). Program and methodology has been presented for testing tractor brake systems. Whole-body vibration emission levels have been found to be very dependent upon the nature of field operation performed, and the test track techniques required development/adaptation to improve their suitability during standardized assessment. Emphasizes should be given to improve visibility and thermal environment inside the cab for tractor operator. Tractors need to be evaluated under electromagnetic compatibility test conditions due to large growing of electronic devices. Research trends reviewed in this paper can be considered for possible revision or improvement of tractor performance, safety, and comfort test standards.

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“…The same transducer has been used also in [10]. Other very popular transducers are the "Aquametro VZO 4 OEM" [11; 12] and the "AIC-4004 VERITAS" [13], two volumetric sensors based on the rotation of an eccentric rotor (also called "rotary piston"). In [14] another positive-displacement turbine ("Flowtronic 215/217") is used, made up by four pistons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ideation, realization and experimentation of prototype device for measuring farm tractor fuel consumption during dyno tests

Bietresato

Mazzetto

2018

Engineering for Rural Development

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Abstract.One of the most difficult practical problems to overcome when testing agricultural machines (tractors) at the dyno is measuring the fuel consumption and assessing the engine's global efficiency. Indeed, diesel engines have two fuel-lines: a delivery line (from the tank to the cylinders), and a return line, to convey back in the tank the fuel not injected as a consequence of the accelerator position and pump settings. In principle, to measure the consumption, known the delivery flowrate (proportional to the engine speed), a single flowmeter could be used in the return line only (having a variable flow); unluckily, the real suction flowrate is generally unknown, varying with the model and vehicle age (i.e., with the pump components' wear), so two flowmeters are always needed. But there is another metrological problem to consider: a flowmeter inserted in series in a fuel-supply line could significantly alter the flowrate. Finally, another further problem can arise, when the experimenters are asked to characterize machines not owned by them: modifications to the vehicle under test should be avoided or, at least, limited, e.g., not to void the guarantee. Unfortunately, solutions like the clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters (placed outside the pipes) are not so suitable for fluids with few particles in suspension, e.g., the fuel processed by the pump. Therefore, it was decided to act upstream of the entire supply line, providing an external tank placed on a precision scale near the tractor, to be used instead of the vehicle's tank. The only, absolutely reversible, needed operation is to connect to the fuel pump two flexible pipes drawing from the external tank. The device gives the net fuel consumption by means of a data logger that acquires the tank mass at periodic intervals. It has been successfully tested on a New Holland 4020V tractor at the dyno, allowing to calculate the instant/hourly/specific consumptions and the engine's global efficiency at six engine speeds (from 800 to 2200 rpm) and full throttle. Keywords: fuel-consumption meter, agricultural machines, diesel engines, dyno test, real-time measurements. IntroductionThe average mass/volumetric fuel consumption (or, simply, "fuel consumption") is measured by the mass/volume of fuel used by an agricultural machine during a specific time-period (typically: in kg·h -1 , ℓ·h -1 ). If the time-period is very short, it is possible to have the instantaneous volumetric fuel consumption (g·s -1 ), expressed as a function of the engine load and speed. The knowledge of the fuel consumptions is a key-point for characterizing the agricultural machinery [1] for several reasons:• the fuel consumption is one of the main parameters for comparing the performances of the driving machines involved in different field-operations (therefore, being equal the effects/achieved results on the field); furthermore, this parameter is greatly taken into account by the end users, because it is linked to the operating costs of the considered machine (it is one of the main income-statem...

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Engine performance during tractor operational period

Cited by 32 publications

References 20 publications

A new tool for life cycle inventories of agricultural machinery operations

A new tool for life cycle inventories of agricultural machinery operations

Research Trends for Performance, Safety, and Comfort Evaluation of Agricultural Tractors: A Review

Ideation, realization and experimentation of prototype device for measuring farm tractor fuel consumption during dyno tests

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