Engaging English Language Learners as Cultural Informants in the Design of a Social Robot for Education

Abstract

Background: There are 4.9 million English Language Learners (ELLs) in the United States. Only 2% of educators are trained to support these vulnerable students. Social robots show promise for language acquisition and may provide valuable support for students, especially as we return to needing smaller classes due to COVID-19. While cultural responsiveness increases gains for ELLs, little is known about the design of culturally responsive child–robot interactions. Method: Therefore, using a participatory design approach, we conducted an exploratory study with 24 Spanish-speaking ELLs at a Pacific Northwest elementary school. As cultural informants, students participated in a 15-min, robot-led, small group story discussion followed by a post-interaction feedback session. We then conducted reflexive critiques with six ELL teachers who reviewed the group interactions to provide further interpretation on design feature possibilities and potential interactions with the robot. Results: Students found the social robot engaging, but many were hesitant to converse with the robot. During post-interaction dialogue students articulated the specific ways in which the social robot appearance and behavior could be modified to help them feel more comfortable. Teachers postulated that the social robot could be designed to engage students in peer-to-peer conversations. Teachers also recognized the ELLs verbosity when discussing their experiences with the robot and suggested such interactions could stimulate responsiveness from students. Conclusion: Cultural responsiveness is a key component to successful education in ELLs. However, integrating appropriate, cultural responsiveness into robot interactions may require participants as cultural informants to ensure the robot behaviors and interactions are situated in that educational community. Utilizing a participatory approach to engage ELLs in design decisions for social robots is a promising way to gather culturally responsive requirements to inform successful child–robot interactions.

Designing for culturally responsive social robots: An application of a participatory framework

“…Importantly, we were also interested in providing an actual social robot interaction for multilingual learners to gain a more contextual response. For more detailed information about this study, see ( Björling et al, 2021 ). Having learned from a previous study ( Louie et al, 2021 ) that language learners, their teachers and families preferred the Nao robot form factor, we chose to use the Nao robot for this study.…”

“…In this paper, we discuss the rationale for a participatory approach to social robot design. We then present three case studies [two of which have been published in greater detail ( Björling et al, 2021 ; Louie et al, 2021 )] as illustrations of three distinct principles for working with culturally and linguistically diverse children.…”