Enfuvirtide: a new class of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection

Leao, JC; Frezzini, Cristina; Porter, Stephen

doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01042.x

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Notable protease-inhibitor-related oral adverse effects include: dysgeusia, affecting up to 20% of patients (Schiffman et al, 1999); circumoral paresthesia, especially with ritonavir (Scully, 2000); chelitis, which may affect up to 57% patients prescribed Indinavir (Calista and Boschini, 2000); and xerostomia (Danner et al, 1995). To date, no adverse oral effects have been reported for the fusion inhibitors, the latest addition to HAART (Leao et al, 2004).…”

Section: The Orofacial Adverse Effects Of Haartmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Lesions of HIV Disease and HAART in Industrialized Countries

2006

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The epidemiology of HIV-related oral disease in industrialized nations has evolved following the initial manifestations described in 1982. Studies from both the Americas and Europe report a decreased frequency of HIV-related oral manifestations of 10-50% following the introduction of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy). Evidence suggests that HAART plays an important role in controlling the occurrence of oral candidosis. The effect of HAART on reducing the incidence of oral lesions, other than oral candidosis, does not appear as significant, possibly as a result of low lesion prevalence in industrialized countries. In contrast to other oral manifestations of HIV, an increased prevalence of oral warts in patients on HAART has been reported from the USA and the UK. HIV-related salivary gland disease may show a trend of rising prevalence in the USA and Europe. The re-emergence of HIV-related oral disease may be indicative of failing therapy. A range of orofacial iatrogenic consequences of HAART has been reported, and it is often difficult to distinguish between true HIV-related oral disease manifestations and the adverse effects of HAART. A possible association between an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma and HIV infection has been suggested by at least three epidemiological studies, with reference to the lip and tongue. These substantial and intensive research efforts directed toward enhancing knowledge regarding the orofacial consequences of HIV infection in the industrialized nations require dissemination in the wider health care environment.

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Section: The Orofacial Adverse Effects Of Haartmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Lesions of HIV Disease and HAART in Industrialized Countries

2006

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“…Ritonavir in particular can give rise to circumoral paraesthesia in over 25% of patients (259, 260). To date there are no reported oral adverse effects of the fusion inhibitors (261).…”

Section: Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current trends of HIV disease of the mouth

Frezzini

Leão

Porter

2005

J Oral Pathology Medicine

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HIV infection affects residents of all countries of the world, but the greater majority of affected individuals reside in the developing world. In the past decade there have been substantial changes in the management of HIV disease, particularly the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Such agents have reduced significantly the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV disease, however, they are not available for most HIV-infected individuals in the developing world. There is now considerable understanding of the molecular epidemiology, transmission and therapy of the common opportunistic oral infections of HIV disease, and as a consequence of improved anti-HIV strategies, the frequency and severity of oral disease associated with HIV infection have reduced considerably, although HAART may predispose to human papilloma virus infection of the mouth and potentially increase the risk of later oral squamous cell carcinoma. Despite advances in clinical care the majority of individuals with HIV disease worldwide will continue to develop oral disease, as they are resident in the developing world and do not have ready access to even simple therapies.

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“…In contrast, there have been no reports on the oral effects of the latter two. [ 7 8 ] When several antiretroviral drugs, typically three, are taken in combination to treat HIV infection, the approach is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Principally, HAART increases CD4 + T-cell counts, decreases HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) viral load, improves immune status and decreases incidence of opportunistic infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy on salivary flow rate and CD4 Count among HIV-infected patients

Kumar

Baghirath

Naishadham

et al. 2015

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol

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Objectives:To determine if long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) therapy alters salivary flow rate and also to compare its relation of CD4 count with unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed on 150 individuals divided into three groups. Group I (50 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive patients, but not on HAART therapy), Group II (50 HIV-infected subjects and on HAART for less than 3 years called short-term HAART), Group III (50 HIV-infected subjects and on HAART for more than or equal to 3 years called long-term HAART). Spitting method proposed by Navazesh and Kumar was used for the measurement of unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rate. Chi-square test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical analysis.Results:The mean CD4 count was 424.78 ± 187.03, 497.82 ± 206.11 and 537.6 ± 264.00 in the respective groups. Majority of the patients in all the groups had a CD4 count between 401 and 600. Both unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary (UWS and SWS) flow rates in Group I was found to be significantly higher than in Group II (P < 0.05). Unstimulated salivary flow rate between Group II and III subjects were also found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). ANOVA performed between CD4 count and unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva in each group demonstrated a statistically significant relationship in Group II (P < 0.05). There were no significant results found between CD4 count and stimulated whole saliva in each groups.Conclusion:The reduction in CD4 cell counts were significantly associated with salivary flow rates of HIV-infected individuals who are on long-term HAART.

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Enfuvirtide: a new class of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Oral Lesions of HIV Disease and HAART in Industrialized Countries

Oral Lesions of HIV Disease and HAART in Industrialized Countries

Current trends of HIV disease of the mouth

Relationship of long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy on salivary flow rate and CD4 Count among HIV-infected patients

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