Energy-saving lamps and their impact on photosensitive and normal individuals

Fenton, L.; Ferguson, J.; Ibbotson, S.H.; Moseley, Harry

doi:10.1111/bjd.12457

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Patients develop a delayed eczematous like reaction on sun exposed sites that can progress to actinic reticuloid. CFL emissions induced positive erythemal responses in 16 out of 50 CAD patients (19). Fig.…”

Section: Chronic Actinic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 85%

“…However, testing carried out on normal individuals at a 'worst case scenario' distance of 5 cm demonstrated that erythemal responses were induced. Positive erythemal responses were induced by the CFL in 2 out of 20 normal individuals with a single exposure of 30mins (19). An additional two out of five normal subjects produced positive erythemal responses with three consecutive daily 30 min exposures (34).…”

Section: Normal Individualsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It is believed that the bi-products from UV induced cutaneous response may contribute to general progression of disease, including systemic activity (33). The initial testing of photosensitive individuals to CFLs included two LE patients, all of whom showed negative responses (19). A further investigation included 15 LE patients and 5 normal subjects (34).…”

Section: Lupus Erythematosusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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UV emissions from low energy artificial light sources

Fenton

Moseley

2014

Photoderm Photoimm Photomed

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Summary Energy efficient light sources have been introduced across Europe and many other countries world wide. The most common of these is the Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL), which has been shown to emit ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are an alternative technology that has minimal UV emissions. This brief review summarises the different energy efficient light sources available on the market and compares the UV levels and the subsequent effects on the skin of normal individuals and those who suffer from photodermatoses.

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Section: Chronic Actinic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Normal Individualsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Lupus Erythematosusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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UV emissions from low energy artificial light sources

Fenton

Moseley

2014

Photoderm Photoimm Photomed

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“…Fluorescent lamps emit ultraviolet light (UV) and may pollute the environment with mercury and phosphorus if disposed recklessly (Fenton et al, 2013;Vahl et al, 2013). The United States has identified mercury, lead, and bismuth as the most poisonous elements found in lamps; specifically, the toxicity weights of mercury, lead, and bismuth are 5, 0.1, and 0.01, respectively (Chen, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling research on spent fluorescent lamps on the basis of extended producer responsibility in China

Peng

Wang

Chang

2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Mercury is a physiological toxin released by spent fluorescent lamps (SFLs) and is considered a serious pollutant. As the world's largest producer of fluorescent lamps, China suffers from SFL pollution because of inefficient recycling and management of SFLs. Drawing upon the most successful practices worldwide, this paper suggests the recycling of SFLs on the basis of the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system in China. Manufacturers and importers are the main parties responsible for the take-back, recycling, and disposal of SFLs in the EPR system. In view of the situation in China and to address the objectives of the EPR system, this paper recommends the implementation of a third-party take-back mode for small-and medium-scale enterprises and of a takeback mode for large enterprises to be carried out by original equipment manufacturers. This paper suggests an extended responsibility fund to finance and support the SFL recycling system and discusses in detail the different recycling network systems and fund flows of the two take-back modes. By conducting a case study, the authors determine that the subsidy rate for SFLs that a recycling company can obtain from the extended responsibility fund for recycling and disposing of lamps can be set at $1.35/kg. The authors also predict the levy level that fluorescent lamp manufacturers must submit.Implications: For policymakers, a proper and effective way to manage and recycle spent fluorescent lamps (SFLs) is necessary. The recommended system and the predicted number values of the subsidy rate and levy level can be the basis in practice. For people, the proper management measures will reduce exposure from SFLs effectively, especially the risk of exposure to mercury. For society, the measures can help increase resource utilization rate. For manufacturers, an effective extended responsibility fund will motivate them to improve processing technique and green design.

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“…[8][9][10] It is now possible to undertake phototesting with these compact fluorescent light sources and this can be helpful in providing information and advice for patients regarding lighting choices, notably the use of double enveloped compact fluorescent lamps or LEDs (Table 3). MED testing to lamps that can be used to treat photosensitive disorders, through induction of desensitisation and tolerance, are also often undertaken and MED testing is an essential safety measure in order to pick up any abnormal photosensitivity reactions before a treatment course of phototherapy (Table 3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%