Energy requirements of ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis desalination

Global Challenges in Energy and Water Supply: The Promise of Engineered Osmosis

“…The FO desalination process may use very low temperature heat, as low as 40°C, given an ambient temperature of 20°C (such that a temperature difference ∼20°C is available between the heat input and output streams), and approximately an order of magnitude less electrical energy than RO (18). The FO process is more efficient than conventional evaporative desalination processes, as it is the solute which is removed from solution by a change of phase, rather than the water itself.…”

Research Advance on Draw Solution in Forward Osmosis Process

“…In the group of Elim-elech [7], they prepared more than 25MPa high osmotic pressure draw solution which was made by a certain mix of NH 3 and CO 2 dissolved in water and it greatly enhanced water flow. The NH 3 and CO 2 in draw solution can be recycled when it was heated up to 60℃.…”

On the Desalination of Saline Waters via Batch Adsorption with Spent Tea Leaves

“…Salinity can change from ocean to ocean, but the relative proportions between the main components (NaCl, MgCl 2 , MgSO 4 , CaSO 4 , K 2 SO 4 , NaHCO 3 , LiBr) are practically constant for all the oceans [2,5,6].…”

“…Although freshwater cannot be directly obtained, it can be obtained by using man-made technologies. Desalination is seen as a viable technology that compensates the current disequilibrium in the water cycle and does not compete with other systems such as dams and channels [3][4][5][6][7].…”