Energy requirements for water production, treatment, end use, reclamation, and disposal

Plappally, Anand; Lienhard, John H.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.022

Cited by 513 publications

(313 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…1B), as described in SI Appendix, 2.1 Developing Treatment Process Inventories. These process models are drawn from peer reviewed literature and regulatory documentation and include estimates of electricity consumption (24,25), water entrainment (11), and chemical inputs (11) (SI Appendix, Tables S3-S5) for each unit process in the treatment train. We estimate FGD wastewater treatment will consume an average 0.71 kWh/m 3 of auxiliary power using CPBT processes and 37.4 kWh/m 3 of auxiliary power using ZLD processes.…”

Section: Fgd Wastewater Treatment Process Inventoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We estimate the nitrogen oxides (NO x ), SO 2 , fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and CO 2 emissions associated with auxiliary electricity consumption (24,25) level. To estimate the air emissions associated with auxiliary electricity consumption per m 3 , we multiply the electricity consumed in the treatment process by the emissions factor for each CFPP with a wet FGD system installed (Eq.…”

Section: Air Emissions From Fgd Wastewater Treatment On a Cubic Metermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatially resolved air-water emissions tradeoffs improve regulatory impact analyses for electricity generation

Gingerich

Sun

Behrer

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) generate air, water, and solids emissions that impose substantial human health, environmental, and climate change (HEC) damages. This work demonstrates the importance of accounting for cross-media emissions tradeoffs, plant and regional emissions factors, and spatially variation in the marginal damages of air emissions when performing regulatory impact analyses for electric power generation. As a case study, we assess the benefits and costs of treating wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater at US CFPPs using the two best available treatment technology options specified in the 2015 Effluent Limitation Guidelines (ELGs). We perform a life-cycle inventory of electricity and chemical inputs to FGD wastewater treatment processes and quantify the marginal HEC damages of associated air emissions. We combine these spatially resolved damage estimates with Environmental Protection Agency estimates of water quality benefits, fuel-switching benefits, and regulatory compliance costs. We estimate that the ELGs will impose average net costs of $3.01 per cubic meter for chemical precipitation and biological wastewater treatment and $11.26 per cubic meter for zero-liquid discharge wastewater treatment (expected cost-benefit ratios of 1.8 and 1.7, respectively), with damages concentrated in regions containing a high fraction of coal generation or a large chemical manufacturing industry. Findings of net cost for FGD wastewater treatment are robust to uncertainty in auxiliary power source, location of chemical manufacturing, and binding air emissions limits in noncompliant regions, among other variables. Future regulatory design will minimize compliance costs and HEC tradeoffs by regulating air, water, and solids emissions simultaneously and performing regulatory assessments that account for spatial variation in emissions impacts.benefit-cost analysis | coal-fired power plants | Effluent Limitation Guidelines | spatially resolved marginal damages | emissions tradeoffs

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Section: Fgd Wastewater Treatment Process Inventoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Air Emissions From Fgd Wastewater Treatment On a Cubic Metermentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatially resolved air-water emissions tradeoffs improve regulatory impact analyses for electricity generation

Gingerich

Sun

Behrer

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Another study evaluated the spatial dependence of energy consumption associated with water distribution [10]. Further, substantial literature reviews of such studies are included in references [11,12].…”

Section: Contributors To Electricity MIXmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electricity intensity for the federal, state, and local aqueducts as well as average estimates of treatment EIs for different water sources and ranges of distribution EI were obtained from [5,12,14,[30][31][32][33][34] as described in the SI. Tables S2-S4 summarize the EI data used for this study.…”

Section: California Network Data Collection and Electricity Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the electricity intensity of evolving water supply mixes: the case of California’s water network

Stokes-Draut

Taptich

Kavvada

et al. 2017

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Climate change is making water supply less predictable, even unreliable, in parts of the world. Urban water providers, especially in already arid areas, will need to diversify their water resources by switching to alternative sources and negotiating trading agreements to create more resilient and interdependent networks. The increasing complexity of these networks will likely require more operational electricity. The ability to document, visualize, and analyze water-energy relationships will be critical to future water planning, especially as data needed to conduct the analyses become increasingly available. We have developed a network model and decision-support tool, WESTNet, to perform these tasks. Herein, WESTNet was used to analyze a model of California's 2010 urban water network as well as the projected system for 2020 and 2030. Results for California's ten hydrologic regions show that the average number of water sources per utility and total electricity consumption for supplying water will increase in spite of decreasing per-capita water consumption. Electricity intensity (kWh m −3 ) will increase in arid regions of the state due to shifts to alternative water sources such as indirect potable water reuse, desalination, and water transfers. In wetter, typically less populated, regions, reduced water demand for electricity-intensive supplies will decrease the electricity intensity of the water supply mix, though total electricity consumption will increase due to urban population growth. The results of this study provide a baseline for comparing current and potential innovations to California's water system. The WESTNet tool can be applied to diverse water systems in any geographic region at a variety of scales to evaluate an array of network-dependent water-energy parameters.

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“…The intensity of energy consumption (kWh/m 3 ) depends on the specific technologies applied at each stage of the water cycle (Plappally & Lienhard, 2012). Water-related energy and related greenhouse gas emissions are important issues in future cities (Kenway, McMahon, Elmer, Conrad & Rosenblum, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The incorporation of the study into water consumption in energy audits in schools

Sánchez-Torija

Gómez-Rubiera

Frutos

2017

rdlc

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The approach of energy audits usually disregards the study of water as it considers that the supply does not involve energy consumption within the building. This paper aims to make visible both the energy footprint involved in ensuring safe water for human consumption and the collection and treatment of waste water. Furthermore, a methodology for conducting an energy audit is shown for the study of water consumption and applies it to a school to verify whether the measures proposed to reduce the consumption of water and the energy associated to it are viable. A school is chosen for three reasons. It is medium sized so the results can be extrapolated to other buildings. It presents a relevant water consumption due to the number of users, but without it being as high as a swimming pool might be. Finally it does not have a water heating system (there are no showers in the gym) so it only studies the energy consumption associated with drinking water without incorporating the effects of energy consumption for water heating.Key words: Water, energy audit, energy efficiency, sustainability, school. ResumenEl planteamiento de las auditorías energéticas al uso habitualmente prescinde del estudio del agua al considerar que dicho suministro no conlleva un consumo de energía dentro del edificio. El presente trabajo pretende visibilizar la huella energética que supone disponer de agua apta para el consumo humano así como la recogida y tratamiento de las aguas una vez han sido usadas. Adicionalmente se muestra una metodología para la realización de la auditoría energética en cuanto al estudio del consumo de agua se refiere y se aplica a un centro docente para verificar si las medidas que se proponen para reducir el consumo de agua y de energía asociado al mismo son viables. Se escoge un centro docente para el estudio por tres motivos: tiene un tamaño medio por lo que sus resultados son extrapolables a otros edificios; presenta un consumo de agua significativo debido al número de usuarios, pero sin resultar tan elevado como pudiera ser una piscina; finalmente, no dispone de instalación de calentamiento de agua (no hay duchas en el polideportivo) por lo que se puede estudiar exclusivamente el consumo de energía asociado al consumo de agua sin incorporar los efectos del consumo energético para calentar el agua.

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Energy requirements for water production, treatment, end use, reclamation, and disposal

Cited by 513 publications

References 90 publications

Spatially resolved air-water emissions tradeoffs improve regulatory impact analyses for electricity generation

Spatially resolved air-water emissions tradeoffs improve regulatory impact analyses for electricity generation

Evaluating the electricity intensity of evolving water supply mixes: the case of California’s water network

The incorporation of the study into water consumption in energy audits in schools

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