Energy Recovery from Polymeric 3D Printing Waste and Olive Pomace Mixtures via Thermal Gasification—Effect of Temperature

Abstract

One of the polymeric materials used in the most common 3D printers is poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol (PETG). It represents, in world terms, around 2.3% of polymeric raw material used in additive manufacturing. However, after processing this material, its properties change irreversibly. A significant amount of waste is produced around the world, and its disposal is usually destined for landfill or incineration, which can generate an important issue due to the high environmental risks. Polymer waste from 3D printing, hereinafter 3DPPW, has a relatively high calorific value and adequate characteristics to be valued in thermochemical processes. Gasification emerges as an innovative and alternative solution for recovering energy from 3DPPW, mixed with residues of lignocellulosic origin, and presents some environmental advantages compared to other types of thermochemical treatments, since the gasification process releases smaller amounts of NOx into the atmosphere, SOx, and CO2. In the case of the study, co-gasification of olive pomace (OLB) was carried out with small additions of 3DPPW (10% and 20%) at different temperatures. Comparing the different gasifications (100% OLB, 90% OLB + 10% 3DPPW, 80% OLB + 20% 3DPPW), the best results for the synthesis gas were obtained for the mixture of 10% 3DPPW and 90% olive pomace (OLB), having a lower calorific value of 6.16 MJ/m3, synthesis gas yield of 3.19%, and cold gas efficiency of 87.85% for a gasification temperature of 750 °C. In addition, the results demonstrate that the addition of 3DPPW improved the quality of syngas, especially between temperatures of 750 and 850 °C. Including polymeric 3D printing materials in the context of the circular economy and extending their life cycle helps to improve the efficiency of subsequent industrial processes, reducing process costs in general, thanks to the new industrial value acquired by the generated by-products.

Industrial Two-Phase Olive Pomace Slurry-Derived Hydrochar Fuel for Energy Applications

“…In this process, each ton of olives generally produces approximately 20% oil and 80% olive pomace (OP) slurry [ 11 ]. This means OP is one of the most abundantly available waste biomasses in Spain [ 12 ] and, hence, could be an ideal feedstock for hydrochar production. The physicochemical characteristics of OP vary due to the diverse chemical composition of olive fruit, which is influenced by agroclimatic factors and cultivation conditions [ 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”