Energy Optimization Techniques in Underwater Internet of Things: Issues, State-of-the-Art, and Future Directions

Abstract

The underwater internet of things (UIoT) has emerged as a booming technology in today’s digital world due to the enhancement of a wide range of underwater applications concerning ocean exploration, deep-sea monitoring, underwater surveillance, diver network monitoring, location and object tracking, etc. Generally, acoustic, infrared (IR), visible light (VL), radiofrequency (RF), and magnet induction (MI) are used as the medium of communication in order to transfer information among digitally linked underwater devices. However, each communication medium has its advantages and limitations: for example, the acoustic communication medium is suitable for long-range data transmission but has challenges such as narrow bandwidth, long delay, and high cost, etc., and the optical medium is suitable for short-range data transmission but has challenges such as high attenuation, and optical scattering due to water particles, etc. Furthermore, UIoT devices are operated using batteries with limited capacity and high energy consumption; hence, energy consumption is considered as one of the most significant challenges in UIoT networks. Therefore, to support reliable and energy-efficient communication in UIoT networks, it is necessary to adopt robust energy optimization techniques for UIoT networks. Hence, this paper focuses on identifying the various issues concerning energy optimization in the underwater internet of things and state-of-the-art contributions relevant to inducement techniques of energy optimization in the underwater internet of things; that provides a systematic literature review (SLR) on various power-saving and optimization techniques of UIoT networks since 2010, along with core applications, and research gaps. Finally, future directions are proposed based on the analysis of various energy optimization issues and techniques of UIoT networks. This research contributes much to the profit of researchers and developers to build smart, energy-efficient, auto-rechargeable, and battery-less communication systems for UIoT networks.

Wireless Power Transfer for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles: Technologies, Challenges and Applications

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Low-Cost Water Quality Sensors for IoT: A Systematic Review

“…Most of the review articles published in recent years on low-cost water quality sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) are related to IoT water monitoring systems, energy optimization, information, and communication technology systems for water resource monitoring, control, and management, implementation of smart and sustainable water resource management technologies, and finally, other more general articles mainly focused on water and air quality monitoring [19,20,22,[35][36][37]. Moreover, not all of them have done a systematic bibliographic review, and most of them focus on IoT-based water quality monitoring systems without providing an overview of low-cost sensors for IoT water quality monitoring, their evaluation under laboratory and environmental conditions, and calibration protocols.…”

“…We provide an overview of water quality low-cost sensors based on 10 guiding questions and point out the challenges and main recommendations to guide the practical application of this technology. We emphasize that while there are major challenges in operationalizing IoT applications, regardless of context, such as security fault tolerance [17,18], energy efficiency [19,20], and others. There are also many research opportunities, such as using machine learning to analyze water quality data [21,22].…”

“…Hangan et al[35] Advanced Techniques for Monitoring and Management of Urban Water Infrastructures-An Overview Conduct a review to show how emerging technologies offer support for smart administration of water infrastructures Kesari Mary et al[19] Energy Optimization Techniques in Underwater Internet of Things (UIoT): Issues, State-of-the-Art, and Future Directions Provides a survey on battery optimization issues in UIoT.…”

Blockchain for Internet of Underwater Things: State-of-the-Art, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

“…Energy consumption in a blockchain-implemented IoUT network is different when compared to terrestrial environments. Both of these technologies consume enormous energy for providing their specific services [105]. In the IoUT, all deployed underwater sensors communicate to the central sink sensor for delivering the information that is gathered from different devices.…”