Blockchain for Internet of Underwater Things: State-of-the-Art, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

Bhattacharya, Sweta; Victor, Nancy; Chengoden, Rajeswari; Ramalingam, M; Selvi, Govardanan Chemmalar; Maddikunta, Praveen Kumar Reddy; Donta, Praveen Kumar; Dustdar, Schahram; Jhaveri, Rutvij H.; Gadekallu, Thippa Reddy

doi:10.3390/su142315659

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Blockchain technology is increasingly recognized for its potential to improve communication security in IoT environments [11], [67], including the specific domain of the IoUT [9], [10]. The focus of several studies was on resolving the single point of failure problem of conventional PKI that relies on a centralized CA for issuing, maintaining, and revoking public key certificates [13], [18], [21].…”

Section: Blockchain-assisted Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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BEKMP: A Blockchain-Enabled Key Management Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Tomović,

Krivokapić,

Nađ

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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This paper introduces a new blockchain-assisted key management protocol specifically designed for clustered Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs). The protocol focuses on simplifying cross-cluster reauthentication for mobile underwater devices and reducing the risks of internal attacks caused by compromised nodes. To address the resource limitations of UASN devices, the protocol utilizes Elliptic Curve Qu Vanstone (ECQV) certificates, which considerably reduces Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) overhead. Moreover, it integrates the Hashed One-pass Menezes-QuVanstone (HOMQV) protocol with blockchain technology to enhance key exchange security against active attacks. The blockchain is hosted on resource-intensive surface nodes that serve as cluster heads and decentralized authorities for certificate management. Smart contracts embedded within the blockchain facilitate certificate-related operations and node trust scoring mechanism. We compared the proposed solution against a state-of-theart benchmark and demonstrated that it imposes lower computational and communication overheads while exhibiting robustness against various attacks, as confirmed by the AVISPA tool. The solution is implemented on actual underwater/surface devices and validated experimentally. By leveraging the immutable, traceable, and fault-tolerant properties of blockchain, it establishes a secure, scalable, and efficient communication framework for mission-critical UASN applications.INDEX TERMS Authentication, blockchain, underwater sensor network.

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Section: Blockchain-assisted Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address the above-mentioned challenges, recent research advocates for decentralized authentication approaches [8]- [10]. Blockchain technology, wherein a distributed network of nodes maintains uniform data without a centralized authority, stands out as a viable solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BEKMP: A Blockchain-Enabled Key Management Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Tomović,

Krivokapić,

Nađ

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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“…A forest fire in the Indian state of Uttarakhand (2016) which lasted for many days, resulted in a heavy loss for the forest department [2]. The problem of heatwaves (1990 to present) [3] are on the rise in China and causing a negative impact on social, environmental [4,5], ecosystem, and health factors. The early detection and mitigation of forest fires have recently become a research hot spot for forest fire prevention authorities across the globe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Swarm-Based Federated Learning Approach for Early Detection of Forest Fires

Gadekallu

2023

Sustainability

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Forests are a vital part of the ecological system. Forest fires are a serious issue that may cause significant loss of life and infrastructure. Forest fires may occur due to human or man-made climate effects. Numerous artificial intelligence-based strategies such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have helped researchers to predict forest fires. However, ML and DL strategies pose some challenges such as large multidimensional data, communication lags, transmission latency, lack of processing power, and privacy concerns. Federated Learning (FL) is a recent development in ML that enables the collection and process of multidimensional, large volumes of data efficiently, which has the potential to solve the aforementioned challenges. FL can also help in identifying the trends based on the geographical locations that can help the authorities to respond faster to forest fires. However, FL algorithms send and receive large amounts of weights of the client-side trained models, and also it induces significant communication overhead. To overcome this issue, in this paper, we propose a unified framework based on FL with a particle swarm-optimization algorithm (PSO) that enables the authorities to respond faster to forest fires. The proposed PSO-enabled FL framework is evaluated by using multidimensional forest fire image data from Kaggle. In comparison to the state-of-the-art federated average model, the proposed model performed better in situations of data imbalance, incurred lower communication costs, and thus proved to be more network efficient. The results of the proposed framework have been validated and 94.47% prediction accuracy has been recorded. These results obtained by the proposed framework can serve as a useful component in the development of early warning systems for forest fires.

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“…As the underlying technology for digital currencies such as Bitcoin [1] and Ethereum [2], blockchain [3] has gained widespread attention from scholars due to the explosive growth of digital currencies. The characteristics of decentralization, immutability and traceability make it play a significant role in various fields such as healthcare [4], IoT [5], cloud computing [6], electronic voting [7], and others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The governance technology for blockchain systems: a survey

Zhu,

He,

et al. 2023

Front. Comput. Sci.

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After the Ethereum DAO attack in 2016, which resulted in significant economic losses, blockchain governance has become a prominent research area. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic literature review on blockchain governance. To deeply understand the process of blockchain governance and provide guidance for the future design of the blockchain governance model, we provide an in-depth review of blockchain governance. In this paper, first we introduce the consensus algorithms currently used in blockchain and relate them to governance theory. Second, we present the main content of off-chain governance and investigate two well-known off-chain governance projects. Third, we investigate four common on-chain governance voting techniques, then summarize the seven attributes that the on-chain governance voting process should meet, and finally analyze four well-known on-chain governance blockchain projects based on the previous research. We hope this survey will provide an in-depth insight into the potential development direction of blockchain governance and device future research agenda.

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Blockchain for Internet of Underwater Things: State-of-the-Art, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

Cited by 18 publications

References 101 publications

BEKMP: A Blockchain-Enabled Key Management Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

BEKMP: A Blockchain-Enabled Key Management Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Particle Swarm-Based Federated Learning Approach for Early Detection of Forest Fires

The governance technology for blockchain systems: a survey

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