Energy Metabolism of Bone

Abstract

Biological processes utilize energy and therefore must be prioritized based on fuel availability. Bone is no exception to this, and the benefit of remodeling when necessary outweighs the energy costs. Bone remodeling is important for maintaining blood calcium homeostasis, repairing micro cracks and fractures, and modifying bone structure so that it is better suited to withstand loading demands. Osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes are the primary cells responsible for bone remodeling, although bone marrow adipocytes and other cells may also play an indirect role. There is a renewed interest in bone cell energetics because of the potential for these processes to be targeted for osteoporosis therapies. In contrast, due to the intimate link between bone and energy homeostasis, pharmaceuticals that treat metabolic disease or have metabolic side effects often have deleterious bone consequences. In this brief review, we will introduce osteoporosis, discuss how bone cells utilize energy to function, evidence for bone regulating whole body energy homeostasis, and some of the unanswered questions and opportunities for further research in the field.

Gender-Specific Body Composition Relationships between Adipose Tissue Distribution and Peak Bone Mineral Density in Young Chinese Adults

“…Our results suggest that central adipose tissue accumulation could impair bone mineral maintenance and bone mass increase. After activating osteoclasts and inhibiting osteoblasts, bone resorption increases, which exerts a deleterious effect on skeletal stability and can precipitate osteopenia and osteoporosis [26]. Meanwhile, regional fat mass distribution had a more extensive effect on wholebody BMD in females rather than males.…”

Bone: Another potential target to treat, prevent and predict diabetes

“…However, the exact mechanism of glucose uptake and utilization by osteocytes has not been investigated. As osteocytes were located in a hypoxic environment, glycolysis was speculated to be the major pathway . The in vitro functions of GLUT1 in osteocyte cell lines represent a promising area for in vivo replication.…”

“…As osteocytes were located in a hypoxic environment, glycolysis was speculated to be the major pathway. 141 The in vitro functions of GLUT1 in osteocyte cell lines represent a promising area for in vivo replication. ORCID Jian-min Liu http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0179-1751…”

Activation of mitochondria is an acute Akt-dependent response during osteogenic differentiation

“…skeletal stem cells) are somatic multipotent progenitors capable of differentiation into bone-forming osteoblasts (OBs), cartilage-forming chondrocytes, and fat-forming marrow adipocytes (8). The heightened energy demand from the osteoblast, compared to the other lineages, is due to high levels of collagen, bone matrix protein, biosynthesis followed by mineral deposition (9). Recent work by our group and others demonstrate that OxPhos is important in osteogenically differentiating BMSCs and their progeny, OB and osteocytes, as measured by an increase in oxygen consumption (10)(11)(12).…”