Energy losses of beryllium ions penetrating through thin films before the attainment of charge equilibrium

Estimation of the average charges of light ions during their penetration through thin carbon films

“…q Z ≈ The results of calculating the equilibrium thick nesses t eq of a carbon target for nitrogen ions with dif ferent initial charges as functions of E are shown in Fig. 4 in approximations (4), (7) for the initial charge q 0 = Z -1 and in approximation (8) for q 0 = Z -2. For E ≥ 4 MeV/nucleon, the equilibrium target thick nesses increase monotonically with increasing ion energy [10] and can be described approximately by the power function t eq (E, Z, q 0 ) ∝ E λ , where the coefficient λ is close to λ ≈ 0.55 for carbon ions and to λ ≈ 0.60 for nitrogen ions.…”

“…The equilibrium thickness of the carbon target was estimated numerically and approximately (7), (8). We have shown that, in the range of E > 4 MeV/nucleon, the equilibrium target thickness increases steadily with increasing E and can be approximated by a power function.…”

“…Rep resentations (2) and (3) can be generalized to the case of three components [7,8]. The presence of the third component leads to a change in the coefficient β, whose value is dependent on q 0 .…”

“…The results were calculated using formula (4) with coefficients (5) and (6) and average charges(3): the solid lines correspond to carbon ions, and the dashed lines correspond to nitrogen ions. The results calculated in approximations(7)and(8) are shown by dotted lines.…”