Energy intake and expenditure assessed ‘in‐season’ in an elite European rugby union squad

Bradley, Warren J.; Cavanagh, Bryce P; Douglas, W. J. M.; Donovan, T.; Twist, Craig; Morton, James P.; Close, Graeme L.

doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1042528

Cited by 59 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Consideration of individual nutritional practices is important (Figure 2) to identify those athletes who require nutrition support. An acute energy deficit might lead to poorer performance in tournaments (Bradley et al, 2015), while long-term energy deficits could result in a loss of body and lean mass (Martin et al, 2006) as well as consequences for health (Mountjoy et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of Energy Intake and Expenditure in Elite Female Touch Players During an International Tournament

Marsh¹,

Dobbin²,

Twist³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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This study assessed energy intake and expenditure of international female touch players during an international tournament. Energy intake (food diary) and expenditure (accelerometer, global positioning system) were recorded for 16 female touch players during a four-day tournament, competing in 8.0 ± 1.0 matches; two on Days 1, 2, and 4, and three on Day 3. Total daily energy expenditure (43.6 ± 3.1 Kcal·kg-1 body mass (BM)) was not different (p > .05) from energy intake (39.9 ± 9.4 Kcal·kg-1 BM). Carbohydrate intakes were below current recommendations (6–10 g·kg-1 BM) on Days 1 (4.4 ± 0.6 g·kg-1 BM) and 3 (4.7 ± 1.0 g·kg-1 BM) and significantly below (p < .05) on Day 2 (4.1 ± 1.0 g·kg-1 BM). Protein and fat intakes were consistent with recommendations (protein, 1.2–2.0 g·kg-1 BM: fat, 20–35% total Kcal) across Days 1–3 (protein, 1.9 ± 0.8, 2.2 ± 0.8, and 2.0 ± 0.7 g·kg-1 BM; fat, 35.6 ± 6.8, 38.5 ± 6.4, and 35.9 ± 5.4% total Kcal). Saturated fat intakes were greater (p < .05) than recommendations (10% total Kcal) on Days 1–3 (12.4 ± 2.9, 14.2 ± 5.1, and 12.7 ± 3.5% total Kcal). On average, female touch players maintained energy balance. Carbohydrate intakes appeared insufficient and might have contributed to the reduction (p < .05) in high-intensity running on Day 3. Further research might investigate the applicability of current nutrition recommendations and the role of carbohydrate in multimatch, multiday tournaments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of Energy Intake and Expenditure in Elite Female Touch Players During an International Tournament

Marsh¹,

Dobbin²,

Twist³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

Self Cite

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“…The period of six-days is considered to provide reasonably accurate and precise estimations of habitual energy and nutrient consumptions whilst reducing variability in coding error (Braakhuis et al, 2003). This method has also been used previously to assess TEI in professional in RU players (Bradley et al, 2015a). Food diaries were explained to players by the club's sport nutritionist, who is a graduate Sport and Exercise Nutrition Register (SENr) accredited practitioner.…”

Section: Total Energy Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quantification of gym and pitch training loads were assessed using sRPE (Foster et al, 2001), which has previously been used in professional RU (Bradley et al, 2015a) and RL (Lovell et al, 2013;Weaving et al, 2014). Gym and field based training were rated as individual RPE using a modified 10-point Borg Scale (Borg et al, 1987) from which the sRPE (AU) was calculated by multiplying RPE by total training time or total number of repetitions for field and gym sessions, respectively.…”

Section: Quantification Of Weekly Training Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…al., 2015) and potentially improve recovery from the weekly muscle soreness (Fletcher et al, 2015) by ensuring adequate post-game nutrition is prescribed. Although some studies have attempted to quantify TEE in elite Rugby Union (RU) players (Bradley et al, 2015a;Bradley et al, 2015b) and elite RL players (Coutts et al, 2003) these studies are somewhat limited by the methods employed. For example, Bradley et al (2015a) utilised Sensewear armbands that cannot be worn during games or physical collisions and therefore these data fail to account for the demands of match day competition and collision-focused training sessions that could contribute a significant amount to the TEE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although some studies have attempted to quantify TEE in elite Rugby Union (RU) players (Bradley et al, 2015a;Bradley et al, 2015b) and elite RL players (Coutts et al, 2003) these studies are somewhat limited by the methods employed. For example, Bradley et al (2015a) utilised Sensewear armbands that cannot be worn during games or physical collisions and therefore these data fail to account for the demands of match day competition and collision-focused training sessions that could contribute a significant amount to the TEE. (Kempton et al, 2015))have also used microtechnology to quantify energy expenditure based on the cost of accelerated running (di Prampero et al, 2005), reporting values of 23-43 kJ·kg -1 during match play.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Assessment of Total Energy Expenditure During a 14-Day In-Season Period of Professional Rugby League Players Using the Doubly Labelled Water Method

Morehen¹,

Bradley²,

Clarke³

et al. 2016

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Rugby League is a high-intensity collision sport competed over 80-minutes. Training loads are monitored to maximise recovery and assist in the design of nutritional strategies although no data are available on the Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) of players. We therefore assessed Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and TEE in six SuperLeague players over two consecutive weeks in-season including one-game per week.Fasted RMR was assessed followed by a baseline urine sample before oral administration of a bolus dose of hydrogen (deuterium 2 H) and oxygen ( 18 O) stable isotopes in the form of water ( 2 H2 18 O). Every 24 hours thereafter, players provided urine for analysis of TEE via DLW method. Individual training-load was quantified using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and data were analysed using magnitudebased inferences. There were unclear differences in RMR between forwards and backs (7.7 ± 0.5 cf. 8.0 ± 0.3 MJ, respectively). Indirect calorimetry produced RMR values most likely lower than predictive equations (7.9 ± 0.4 cf. 9.2 ± 0.4 MJ, respectively). A most likely increase in TEE from week-1 to -2 was observed (17.9 ± 2.1 cf. 24.2 ± 3.4 MJ) explained by a most likely increase in weekly sRPE (432 ± 19 cf. 555 ± 22 AU), respectively. The difference in TEE between forwards and backs was unclear (21.6 ± 4.2 cf. 20.5 ± 4.9 MJ, respectively). We report greater TEE than previously reported in rugby that could be explained by the ability of DLW to account for all match and trainingrelated activities that contributes to TEE.

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Energy expenditure of rugby players during a 14-day in-season period, measured using doubly labelled water

et al. 2018

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Criterion data for total energy expenditure (TEE) in elite rugby are lacking, which prediction equations may not reflect accurately. This study quantified TEE of 27 elite male rugby league (RL) and rugby union (RU) players (U16, U20, U24 age groups) during a 14-day in-season period using doubly labelled water (DLW). Measured TEE was also compared to estimated, using prediction equations. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured using indirect calorimetry, and physical activity level (PAL) estimated (TEE:RMR). Differences in measured TEE were unclear by code and age (RL 4369 ± 979; RU 4365 ± 1122; U16, 4010 ± 744; U20, 4414 ± 688; U24, 4761 ± 1523 Kcal day− 1). Differences in PAL (overall mean 2.0 ± 0.4) were unclear. Very likely differences were observed in RMR by code (RL 2366 ± 296; RU 2123 ± 269 Kcal day− 1). Differences in relative RMR between U20 and U24 were very likely (U16, 27 ± 4; U20, 23 ± 3; U24, 26 ± 5 Kcal kg− 1 day− 1). Differences were observed between measured and estimated TEE, using Schofield, Cunningham and Harris–Benedict equations for U16 (187 ± 614, unclear; − 489 ± 564, likely and − 90 ± 579, unclear Kcal day− 1), U20 (− 449 ± 698, likely; − 785 ± 650, very likely and − 452 ± 684, likely Kcal day− 1) and U24 players (− 428 ± 1292; − 605 ± 1493 and − 461 ± 1314 Kcal day− 1, all unclear). Rugby players have high TEE, which should be acknowledged. Large inter-player variability in TEE was observed demonstrating heterogeneity within groups, thus published equations may not appropriately estimate TEE.

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Energy intake and expenditure assessed ‘in‐season’ in an elite European rugby union squad

Cited by 59 publications

References 44 publications

Estimates of Energy Intake and Expenditure in Elite Female Touch Players During an International Tournament

Estimates of Energy Intake and Expenditure in Elite Female Touch Players During an International Tournament

The Assessment of Total Energy Expenditure During a 14-Day In-Season Period of Professional Rugby League Players Using the Doubly Labelled Water Method

Energy expenditure of rugby players during a 14-day in-season period, measured using doubly labelled water

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