Energy-Efficient Channel Handoff for Sensor Network-Assisted Cognitive Radio Network

Abstract

The visiting and less-privileged status of the secondary users (SUs) in a cognitive radio network obligates them to release the occupied channel instantly when it is reclaimed by the primary user. The SU has a choice to make: either wait for the channel to become free, thus conserving energy at the expense of delayed transmission and delivery, or find and switch to a vacant channel, thereby avoiding delay in transmission at the expense of increased energy consumption. An energy-efficient decision that considers the tradeoff between energy consumption and continuous transmission needs to be taken as to whether to switch the channels. In this work, we consider a sensor network-assisted cognitive radio network and propose a backup channel, which is sensed by the SU in parallel with the operating channel that is being sensed by the sensor nodes. Imperfect channel sensing and residual energy of the SU are considered in order to develop an energy-efficient handoff strategy using the partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), which considers beliefs about the operating and backup channels and the remaining energy of the SU in order to take an optimal channel handoff decision on the question “Should we switch the channel?” The objective is to dynamically decide in each time slot whether the SU should switch the channel or not in order to maximize throughput by utilizing energy efficiently. Extensive simulations were performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed channel handoff strategy, which was demonstrated in the form of throughput with respect to various parameters, i.e., detection probability, the channel idle probabilities of the operating and backup channels, and the maximum energy of the SU.

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Waveguide Dispersion Tailoring by Using Embedded Impedance Surfaces

“…The SIW resonators, with a compact size and a high Q factor, have been proposed to make microwave sensors for detecting complex permittivity inside the SIW. For instance, the device can be made by integrating a SIW with a liquid/air-based microfluidic channel [41][42][43]. In this context, the large and uniform electric field around ENZ frequencies has been proposed to make versatile waveguide-based permittivity sensors [44,45].…”

A Novel Component Carrier Configuration and Switching Scheme for Real-Time Traffic in a Cognitive-Radio-Based Spectrum Aggregation System

“…The traffic model plays an important role in analyzing the performance of resource scheduling schemes in SA systems. We therefore consider a M/M/S/A process in this paper, which is a dynamic traffic model with Poisson arrival and used in [ 10 ]. In this process, the arrival of SUs follows the Poisson distribution, and the service time follows a negative exponential distribution (M for Markov).…”

“…False alarms result in less utilization of the spectrum, whereas misdetections result in collisions with the PU transmission. A more appropriate approach for improving the sensing performance of a single user involves outsourcing the spectrum sensing to a low-cost dedicated sensor network [ 9 ], which exploits the location diversity of the sensor nodes and improves sensing accuracy and reliability [ 10 ]. It is particularly effective in channels experiencing shadowing, fading, and hidden terminal problems.…”