Energy drinks and their adverse health effects: A systematic review of the current evidence

Ali, Fizzah; Rehman, Hiba; Babayan, Zaruhi; Stapleton, Dwight D.; Joshi, Divya-Devi

doi:10.1080/00325481.2015.1001712

Cited by 125 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The majority of these reports were evaluated and published after 2010, and it can be argued that this could be due to a greater awareness among clinicians of the symptoms of caffeine and ED overconsumption. More than 80% of the aforementioned cases referred to cardiovascular and neurological events, with the former accounting for 52% and the latter for 29% (13). This observation is in line with the findings of Goldfarb et al (77), who reviewed acute cardiovascular events in response to ED consumption.…”

Section: Eds and Hemodynamic Effects: What Is Missing?supporting

confidence: 79%

“…From 1980 through 2014, there have been 43 case reports related to the ingestion of EDs (13). The majority of these reports were evaluated and published after 2010, and it can be argued that this could be due to a greater awareness among clinicians of the symptoms of caffeine and ED overconsumption.…”

Section: Eds and Hemodynamic Effects: What Is Missing?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent clinical review focused on adverse health events in response to the ingestion of EDs and found that >50% of their included case reports were related to the cardiovascular system, followed by neurological issues (13). Moreover, there are 8 case reports in which large intakes of EDs were found to be associated with myocardial ischemia, with no additional triggers in the majority of cases (14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Drinks and Their Impact on the Cardiovascular System: Potential Mechanisms

Grasser

Miles-Chan

Charrière

et al. 2016

Advances in Nutrition

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Globally, the popularity of energy drinks is steadily increasing. Scientific interest in their effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems in humans is also expanding and with it comes a growing number of case reports of adverse events associated with energy drinks. The vast majority of studies carried out in the general population report effects on blood pressure and heart rate. However, inconsistencies in the current literature render it difficult to draw firm conclusions with regard to the effects of energy drinks on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular variables. These inconsistencies are due, in part, to differences in methodologies, volume of drink ingested, and duration of postconsumption measurements, as well as subject variables during the test. Recent well-controlled, randomized crossover studies that used continuous beat-to-beat measurements provide evidence that cardiovascular responses to the ingestion of energy drinks are best explained by the actions of caffeine and sugar, with little influence from other ingredients. However, a role for other active constituents, such as taurine and glucuronolactone, cannot be ruled out. This article reviews the potentially adverse hemodynamic effects of energy drinks, particularly on blood pressure and heart rate, and discusses the mechanisms by which their active ingredients may interact to adversely affect the cardiovascular system. Research areas and gaps in the literature are discussed with particular reference to the use of energy drinks among high-risk individuals. Adv Nutr 2016;7:950-60.

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Section: Eds and Hemodynamic Effects: What Is Missing?supporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Eds and Hemodynamic Effects: What Is Missing?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Drinks and Their Impact on the Cardiovascular System: Potential Mechanisms

Grasser

Miles-Chan

Charrière

et al. 2016

Advances in Nutrition

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“…Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is ingested for its stimulant effects in caffeinated beverages and in products marketed to enhance physical and mental performance and energy [1][2][3][4][5]. Caffeinated beverages are known to cause severe toxicity when consumed in excess [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caffeine is rapidly absorbed with a peak plasma concentration within 60 min and has caused fatal overdoses at estimated doses of 150 mg/kg [29][30][31][32]. Severe toxicity from caffeineexposuremayresultfromcatecholaminereleaseresulting in sympathetic overdrive, seizures, and tachydysrhythmias [1,33,34]. While caffeine-containing supplements are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, a warning regarding powdered caffeine toxicity was released in December 2014 stating that one teaspoon of a powdered caffeine product could have the equivalent of "about 25 cups of coffee" [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Retrospective Study of Clinical Effects of Powdered Caffeine Exposures Reported to Three US Poison Control Centers

et al. 2016

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Introduction Anhydrous caffeine, often sold on the Internet as a powdered caffeine product, is sold as "pure caffeine" to be used as an additive to beverages and has also been used as an ingredient in energy supplement products. Methods This is a retrospective multiple-poison center chart review of calls regarding powdered caffeine to poison centers covering Oregon, Alaska, Guam, Washington, and Utah between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2015.Results There were 40 calls to three poison centers over 30 months for powdered caffeine exposure. The majority of patients were over age 19 (52.5 %; 21/40) and male (70 %; 28/ 40). Sixty percent (24/40) of the patients were symptomatic but only 10 % (4/40) required admission; 52.5 % (21/40) of the patient calls were for inadvertent overdose of powdered caffeine; one patient overdosed in a self-harm attempt. Discussion Powdered caffeine calls to three poison centers during a 30-month study period were rare, and severe caffeine toxicity due to exposure was found in few patients. The majority of symptoms were reported after an inadvertent powdered caffeine overdose. Conclusions An analysis of calls to three poison centers for powdered caffeine found that exposures were uncommon, but did result in toxicity, and highlighted that the lack of clear dosing instructions on product packaging may place patients at risk of inadvertent overdose.

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A randomised experimental study comparing perceptions of two energy drink health warning labels

Caruso

Miller

Turnbull

et al. 2022

Health Prom J of Aust

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Issue addressed Consumption of energy drinks is a public health concern, particularly in adolescents and young adults. This study explored energy drink consumers' reactions to an energy drink‐specific warning label (risk of cardiac effects) and a more general sugary drink warning label (risk of obesity). Methods An online experimental study randomly allocated Australian energy drink consumers aged 18‐39 years (N = 435) to view one of two label conditions (cardiac effects or obesity). Participants were assessed on: intention to reduce energy drink consumption, perceived health threat, perceived label effectiveness and policy support for energy drink warning labels. Results Mean intentions to reduce consumption scores were similar across the two label conditions (Mobesity = 2.5, Mcardiac = 2.6) overall; and were higher for the cardiac label (compared to obesity label) for some subgroups: females (Mobesity = 2.3, Mcardiac = 2.8; p = .037), older (25‐39 years; Mobesity = 2.4, Mcardiac = 2.8; p = .016); and higher education level (Mobesity = 1.9, Mcardiac = 2.7; p = .004). While perceived health threat measures were higher for obesity than cardiac effects, perceived label effectiveness measures of ‘believable’ and ‘relevant to me’ were higher for the cardiac label than the obesity label (believable: 71.0% vs 56.1%; relevant: 42.5% vs 29.4%). Participants who viewed the cardiac label were more likely to support policy than those shown the obesity label (OR = 1.6, 95%CI [1.1, 2.3], p = .02). Conclusions Health effect warnings labels were perceived by energy drink consumers to be impactful and are supported. Labels with energy drink‐specific health effects may offer additional benefit. So what? Policy makers can feel confident that warning labels on energy drinks will confer public health benefit.

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Energy drinks and their adverse health effects: A systematic review of the current evidence

Cited by 125 publications

References 41 publications

Energy Drinks and Their Impact on the Cardiovascular System: Potential Mechanisms

Energy Drinks and Their Impact on the Cardiovascular System: Potential Mechanisms

A Retrospective Study of Clinical Effects of Powdered Caffeine Exposures Reported to Three US Poison Control Centers

A randomised experimental study comparing perceptions of two energy drink health warning labels

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