Energy Drink-related Supraventricular Tachycardia

Nagajothi, Nagapradeep; Kazemi, Ahmad; Velazquez-Ceceña, José-Luis E; Arora, Rohit; Raghunathan, Kalpana; Patel, Ravi B.; Parajuli, Ritesh

doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.12.003

Cited by 39 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Two new cases of "energy" drink-related tachycardias, in one individual associated with orthostatic intolerance, were reported by other authors (Nagajothi et al, 2008;Terlizzi et al, 2008). In the Terlizzi study, consumption was reported to amount to 4 to 5 cans of "energy drinks" a day.…”

Section: Human Datamentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The SCF Opinion of 2003 also takes into account that drugs, such as ecstasy and amphetamines may have been involved. The effects mentioned included tremors, seizures, drowsiness, muscle weakness, dizziness, nervousness, tachycardia, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, headache, bronchospasm, hyperventilation and also myocardial infarction and sudden unexplained death possibly resulting from cardiac dysrhythmia (SCF, 2003;BfR, 2008;Lehtihet et al, 2006;Iyadurai and Chung;, Nagajothi et al, 2008Terlizzi et al, 2008). The SCF concluded the following: "The co-consumption of alcohol and/or drugs noted in most of these cases makes interpretation particularly difficult.…”

Section: Combined Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…With regard to some actual reports (e.g. Iyadurai and Chung;, Nagajothi et al, 2008Terlizzi et al, 2008) the Panel considers that it is possible that the effects could be due to the well known side effects of high caffeine intake, while the assumption of a causal relationship with taurine intake is lacking scientific evidence.…”

Section: Combined Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of taurine and D-glucurono-gamma-lactone as constituents of the so-called “energy” drinks

2009

EFSA Journal

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SUMMARYFollowing a request from the Commission, the Scientific Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) has been asked to evaluate the safety-in-use of taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone as constituents of the so-called "energy" drinks.In the present opinion the Panel evaluates the safety of taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone as individual ingredients of so-called "energy" drinks based on the new studies provided by the petitioner.The Panel does not evaluate the safety of "energy" drinks as such.Taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone are constituents of the so-called "energy" drinks, but they also occur at much lower levels as natural ingredients in food, and they are also normal human metabolites. Previous Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) Opinions have summarized safety studies of taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone, but the safety-in-use of these The use of taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone as constituents of the so-called "energy" drinksThe EFSA Journal (2009) 935, 2-31 two ingredients at the levels of exposure expected from their use in "energy" drinks could not be established at that time.In the absence of new chronic and acute exposure data, the exposures used in this opinion are based on the data reported by the SCF in 2003, i.e. a daily mean chronic consumption of 0.5 cans per person and a high chronic exposure at the 95 th percentile of 1.4 cans per regular consumer. The Panel notes that actual exposure data on "energy" drink consumption, especially for adolescents and young adults, may need to be collected. Based on the assumption that a can contains 250 mL and 4000 mg/L taurine and 2400 mg/L D-glucurono-γ-lactone, the SCF calculated that these values result in a mean daily exposure to 500 mg taurine (8.3 mg taurine/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person) and 300 mg D-glucurono-γ-lactone (5.0 mg D-glucurono-γ-lactone/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person). The 95 th percentile exposure of regular users would amount to 1400 mg taurine/day (23.3 mg/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person) and 840 mg D-glucurono-γ-lactone /day (14 mg/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person).If it is assumed that this amount of chronic consumption is relevant to occasional exposure of children of 25 kg body weight, then their exposure (on a body weight basis) would be about 2.5 times higher than that for adults (60-65 kg body weight). It must be emphasized that these estimates relate to chronic exposures by average and high consuming adults, and would not reflect the occasional and sporadic exposure that might occur in children. If the frequency of exposure for children would be 2.5 times lower than for adults, then the average chronic exposure for children, on a body weight basis, would be the same as for adults. If children were to consume the adult intake of 0.5 and 1.4 cans per person only once per week, then the average chronic exposure to "energy" drinks and their constituents for children, on a body weight basis, would be one third of that for adults.These estimates for the daily exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone from "energy"...

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Section: Human Datamentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Combined Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of taurine and D-glucurono-gamma-lactone as constituents of the so-called “energy” drinks

2009

EFSA Journal

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“…1 When higher doses of caffeine are combined with these other substances currently blended in EBs, the subsequent effect cannot always be predicted; adverse effects have been reported, including cardiac arrest. 11,12 The components of the 4 best-selling EBs are given in Table 1, and the specific ingredients are subsequently discussed in more detail.…”

Section: Ingredients Of Ebsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Beverages: Content and Safety

Higgins

Tuttle²,

Higgins

2010

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

310

261

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“…Several case reports have indicated that energy drinks may increase the risk for ventricular tachycardia (38) or myocardial ischemia (7). However, a European study has reported no association between caffeine consumption and cardiac conduction abnormalities (36).…”

Section: Safety Issues Related To Energy Drink Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%