Energy density and diet quality among Brazilian workers

Abstract

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the energy density (ED) of workers' diets and examine their relationship with nutrient intake, diet quality, socio-demographic and anthropometric factors. Design/methodology/approach -Dietary data were collected by a 24-hour recall. ED, defined as energy per unit weight of diet, included all food and excluded all beverages. Diet quality was evaluated using the Brazilian version of the health eating index. The associations between ED and socio-demographic variables and body mass index were examined using regression models. Findings -The study evaluated 201 individuals: 51 percent male; mean age 33.4 years (SD ¼ 9.5); 43 percent overweight. Women and men presented similar mean ED: 1.99 (95 percent CI: 1.90-2.09) and 1.95 (95 percent CI: 1.89-201). ED was inversely associated with age (b: 20.009; 95 percent CI: 20.015; 20.002) and with leisure physical activity (b: 20.049; 95 percent CI: 20.096; 20.002) and directly associated with liquid intake during meals (b: 0.159; 95 percent CI: 0.003; 0.285). Diets with higher ED were of lower quality: richer in total fat, saturated fat, trans fatty acids and added sugars, and concomitantly providing less vitamin C and less fiber. There was no association between ED and anthropometric variables. Originality/value -The high ED diets consumed by these workers might represent a risk, because of the relationship between low quality diets and chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, obesity and cancer.

The association of dietary energy density and the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

“…25,34,50 Seventeen studies found no association between DED and obesity. 27,34,36,[38][39][40]43,46,47,52,53,55,[57][58][59]63,66 While twenty nine studies found a positive relationship. 9,10,14,[16][17][18]26,28,37,41,42,44,45,[48][49][50]54,56,[60][61][62]64,65,[67][68][69][70] One study reported an inverse correlation.…”

“…16,[25][26][27][28] There were seventeen studies on children and adolescents (≤18 years). 17,[25][26][27][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] The studies had different cross-sectional 9,10,14,[16][17][18][26][27][28]33,34,36,[41][42][43][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] and cohort design. 25,…”

“…25,35,[37][38][39][40][44][45][46][47][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70] Seven studies were performed on women only. 14,54,60,61,63,68,69 Various methods such as dietary recall, 9,10,16,17,28,34,38,41,46,[48][49][50]52,54,59,69 dietary record, 25,[35][36][37]40,44,47,51,53,57,…”

“…14,54,60,61,63,68,69 Various methods such as dietary recall, 9,10,16,17,28,34,38,41,46,[48][49][50]52,54,59,69 dietary record, 25,[35][36][37]40,44,47,51,53,57,58,63,64,70 FFQ, 14,18,27,33,39,42,55,6 0-62,65,66,68 diet history questionnaire, 26,56 3-day unweighted diet diaries 45 and other methods like 24-h proxy dietary information 43 and a unique software 67 were used to evaluate food intakes. For calculating DED, twenty eight studies used only foods,…”

The association between carbohydrate quality index and nutrient adequacy in Iranian adults

“…Dietary carbohydrates are the main dietary energy source, and thus, are important determinants of diet quality (Marchioni et al, 2013;Giazitzi and Boskou, 2021). High-quality carbohydrates are highly recommended not only because of the NAR but also because of their benefits for several diseases, especially for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (Martínez-Gonz alez et al, 2020;Bull o et al, 2021;Tayyem et al, 2019).…”