Energy cost of protein and fat deposition by ruminant calves

Osinska, Z.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.1980.tb00617.x

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…The midpoint of the extremes of 0.13 to 0.20, namely 0.165 kg/kg is taken as the DCP level of the average diet. Together with a ME value of 10.5 MJ/kg, this gives, from Emmans's (1994) equation 30 Osinska (1980) therefore provides strong support for a modification of the effective energy system by the theoretical retention efficiency of protein and the synthesis efficiency of fat. However, two other things are worthy of note in this example from Osinska (1980).…”

Section: Experimental Evidence: Group IImentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Together with a ME value of 10.5 MJ/kg, this gives, from Emmans's (1994) equation 30 Osinska (1980) therefore provides strong support for a modification of the effective energy system by the theoretical retention efficiency of protein and the synthesis efficiency of fat. However, two other things are worthy of note in this example from Osinska (1980). First, equation (43) works well in intake prediction, but calculations show that the extrapolation of equation (14.1) from Lobley et al's (1987) steers of 480 kg to Osinska's (1980) calves of 80 kg is too far to provide realistic adjustments for protein turnover to maintenance estimates.…”

Section: Experimental Evidence: Group IImentioning

confidence: 65%

“…However, two other things are worthy of note in this example from Osinska (1980). First, equation (43) works well in intake prediction, but calculations show that the extrapolation of equation (14.1) from Lobley et al's (1987) steers of 480 kg to Osinska's (1980) calves of 80 kg is too far to provide realistic adjustments for protein turnover to maintenance estimates. Second, the ARC (1980) prediction of MEI would be inferior to the successful procedures.…”

Section: Experimental Evidence: Group IImentioning

confidence: 90%

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Use of theoretical efficiencies of protein and fat synthesis to calculate energy requirements for growth in ruminants

Roux¹

2014

SA J. An. Sci.

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The main objection against conventional net energy systems is that owing to variation in gain composition and the different energy contents of protein and fat, the efficiency of energy gain cannot be regarded as a growth constant. The present approach shows that the separate accommodation of protein and fat in predicting ruminant nutritional requirements can easily be achieved, since growth energy retention efficiency can be replaced by protein and fat synthesis efficiencies, together with an augmentation of maintenance with the cost of protein turnover. The synthesis efficiency of protein (k PS) is taken to be k PS = (q L /q M)(6/7), with 6/7 the synthesis efficiency of protein, q L the metabolizability of the diet at an arbitrary level (L) of intake and q M the metabolizability of the diet at maintenance. The correction (q L /q M) allows for the usual evaluation of ruminant diets at the maintenance level of intake. The synthesis efficiency of fat from fermentation of digestible fibre is k FF = 1.018q M or k FF = 1.287k g , without the necessity of adjustment by q L /q M , since evaluation of metabolizability at maintenance is incorporated in the relationship between k FF and q M and where k g denotes growth energy efficiency. Maintenance estimated from fasting heat production or intake at zero energy retention should be augmented by the cost of protein turnover from (PB/6) ÷ (q L /q M), with PB/6 = 102.7 kJ/kg (FW) 0.75 per day for cattle and PB/6 = 78.1 kJ/kg (FW) 0.75 per day for sheep, where PB denotes protein breakdown and FW fasted body mass. Alternatively, with knowledge of the degree of protein maturity, body protein turnover can be incorporated in a theoretically derived estimate of protein retention efficiency. The effective energy system can also be improved by employing theoretical protein retention and fat synthesis efficiencies or by equivalently replacing protein retention efficiency by protein synthesis efficiency in conjunction with the augmentation of maintenance heat production by the cost of protein turnover. A comparison between average growth energy efficiencies shows excellent agreement between estimates of the present theory and those of the UK Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and the US California Net Energy System (CNES), with degrees of maturity together with protein and fat gain ratios that seem typical of original experimental conditions. This implies that the present approach should do at least as well as the ARC or CNES, but can be expected to do better with reasonable accuracy in estimating the degree of protein maturity or maintenance augmentation and the composition of energy gain. The relationship between conventional growth energy efficiency and the synthesis efficiency of fat from digestible fibre allows the accumulated information of net energy systems to be transferable to the new methodology.

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Section: Experimental Evidence: Group IImentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Experimental Evidence: Group IImentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Experimental Evidence: Group IImentioning

confidence: 90%

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Use of theoretical efficiencies of protein and fat synthesis to calculate energy requirements for growth in ruminants

Roux¹

2014

SA J. An. Sci.

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“…First the use of protein efficiency from equations (4.3) and (6.2) in intake prediction is illustrated, after which examples follow using equation (6.4), together with equations (14.1) and (14.2), in intake prediction for cattle. Osinska (1980) To allow a comparison between the preceding PMEI and prediction by a modified effective energy system (PEEI), Osinska's (1980) designated protein levels are regarded as equivalent to digestible crude protein (DCP) levels. The midpoint of the extremes of 0.13 to 0.20, namely 0.165 kg/kg is taken as the DCP level of the average diet.…”

Section: Experimental Evidence: Group IImentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equation (20.2) represents an example where the application of the generalized EE equation (11.1) to Osinska's (1980) data resulted in substantial improvement in intake prediction compared to the standard Emmans (1994) equation (11.2). However, as it avoids problems with the estimation of and Q in equation (4.3) by the use of equations (14.1 to 15.3) the practical application of the alternative equation (11.3) needs some further elucidation.…”

Section: Modified Ee Prediction In Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Use of theoretical efficiencies of protein and fat synthesis to calculate energy requirements for growth in ruminants

Roux¹

2014

SA J. An. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The main objection against conventional net energy systems is that owing to variation in gain composition and the different energy contents of protein and fat, the efficiency of energy gain cannot be regarded as a growth constant. The present approach shows that the separate accommodation of protein and fat in predicting ruminant nutritional requirements can easily be achieved, since growth energy retention efficiency can be replaced by protein and fat synthesis efficiencies, together with an augmentation of maintenance with the cost of protein turnover. The synthesis efficiency of protein (k PS ) is taken to be k PS = (q L /q M )(6/7), with 6/7 the synthesis efficiency of protein, q L the metabolizability of the diet at an arbitrary level (L) of intake and q M the metabolizability of the diet at maintenance. The correction (q L /q M ) allows for the usual evaluation of ruminant diets at the maintenance level of intake. The synthesis efficiency of fat from fermentation of digestible fibre is k FF = 1.018q M or k FF = 1.287k g , without the necessity of adjustment by q L /q M , since evaluation of metabolizability at maintenance is incorporated in the relationship between k FF and q M and where k g denotes growth energy efficiency. Maintenance estimated from fasting heat production or intake at zero energy retention should be augmented by the cost of protein turnover from (PB/6) ÷ (q L /q M ), with PB/6 = 102.7 kJ/kg (FW) 0.75 per day for cattle and PB/6 = 78.1 kJ/kg (FW) 0.75 per day for sheep, where PB denotes protein breakdown and FW fasted body mass. Alternatively, with knowledge of the degree of protein maturity, body protein turnover can be incorporated in a theoretically derived estimate of protein retention efficiency. The effective energy system can also be improved by employing theoretical protein retention and fat synthesis efficiencies or by equivalently replacing protein retention efficiency by protein synthesis efficiency in conjunction with the augmentation of maintenance heat production by the cost of protein turnover. A comparison between average growth energy efficiencies shows excellent agreement between estimates of the present theory and those of the UK Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and the US California Net Energy System (CNES), with degrees of maturity together with protein and fat gain ratios that seem typical of original experimental conditions. This implies that the present approach should do at least as well as the ARC or CNES, but can be expected to do better with reasonable accuracy in estimating the degree of protein maturity or maintenance augmentation and the composition of energy gain. The relationship between conventional growth energy efficiency and the synthesis efficiency of fat from digestible fibre allows the accumulated information of net energy systems to be transferable to the new methodology.________________________________________________________________________________

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Effect of environmental temperature and feeding level on energy balance traits of early-weaned piglets

Noblet¹,

Dividich²

1982

Livestock Production Science

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Energy cost of protein and fat deposition by ruminant calves

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Use of theoretical efficiencies of protein and fat synthesis to calculate energy requirements for growth in ruminants

Use of theoretical efficiencies of protein and fat synthesis to calculate energy requirements for growth in ruminants

Use of theoretical efficiencies of protein and fat synthesis to calculate energy requirements for growth in ruminants

Effect of environmental temperature and feeding level on energy balance traits of early-weaned piglets

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