Energy Content and Alternative Jet Fuel Viability

Hileman, James; Stratton, Russell W.; Donohoo, Pearl

doi:10.2514/1.46232

Cited by 104 publications

(105 citation statements)

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“…He also calculated the heat of formation of these fuels. Kazuhiro Tsuchida [32], Daggett et al [58], Hileman et al [59] Table 1 shows the studied literature for the proposed hypotheses.…”

Section: Alternate Fuels and Fuel Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving base for the fuel consumption optimization in Indian air transport: application of structural equation modeling

Singh¹,

Sharma

2014

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

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Introduction The article aims to evolve the base for fuel consumption optimization (FCO) in Indian air transport industry. The objective of this paper is to design the methodology and to develop five facet model of fuel consumption optimization (FCO). Limited researches have been conducted to explore influencing factors for FCO in air transport industry. To fill this gap, this study proposes the model of FCO, and investigates key factors affecting FCO. Methodology The research steps included exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and testing of structural model. In the first stage exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to provide the grouping of variables underline the complete set of item based upon the strong correlation. In the second stage, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to specify and estimate of one or more hypothetical models of factor structure, each of which propose a set of latent variables to account for covariance within a set of observed variables. In the third stage, we used the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique and empirically tested the relationships between fuel consumption optimization and aircraft operations Conclusions and future work This study has provided empirical justification for the proposed research framework which describes the relationships between FCO and its dimensions. This has developed an integrated model of FCO, with the purposes of identifying the key factors affecting the FCO. The knowledge of relationship among variables can lead to frame objective function, constraints, and set of equations pertaining situations with regard to Indian scenario. To constitute the equations the data of identified critical factors with regard to Indian scenario can be utilized which will lead to develop optimization based model for fuel consumption that leaves the scope for further study. This study produces the results which represent the base for optimum solution of fuel consumption on which future researchers can target.

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“…He also calculated the heat of formation of these fuels. Kazuhiro Tsuchida [32], Daggett et al [58], Hileman et al [59] Table 1 shows the studied literature for the proposed hypotheses.…”

Section: Alternate Fuels and Fuel Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving base for the fuel consumption optimization in Indian air transport: application of structural equation modeling

Singh¹,

Sharma

2014

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

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“…0.4 MPa in all range of the engine load. The reason for that decreasing of maximum pressure value is the longest time of injection of the single dose of fuel needed for creation the adequate torque [8,11].The opposite phenomenon may be observed during the analysis of load influence on the angle of auto-ignition delay. The highest differences are observed for the lowest load of the engine ( fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of the F-34 unified battlefield fuel with bio components on usable parameters of the IC engine

Karczewski¹,

Szczech²

2016

EiN

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Article citation info: (*) Tekst artykułu w polskiej wersji językowej dostępny w elektronicznym wydaniu kwartalnika na stronie www.ein.org.pl IntroductionLiquid fuels are the most important source of energy on modern battlefield. Availability of fuels decides about mobility of the army, effectiveness of weapons or other support equipment and delivery of needed amount of supplies. Realisation of increasing requirements of fighting troops in fuels or lubrication oils is one of the most important problems of logistic supplying of a battlefield. It is calculated, that mean use of fuel and lubrication oil may reach 30 kg per one soldier per day [4,11]. The delivery of such a big quantity of supplies to the army, in terms of enemy interaction on communication systems and supplying infrastructure is an enormous sophisticated problem. It is why there is a trend to standardize all sorts of fuels in the army. For instance NATO introduced F-34 unified fuel for battlefield. As the effect it was decided to unify fuels for reciprocating and turbine internal combustion engines used in land vehicles and on land operating planes. Fuels known as F-34/35 were introduced. It has the same base components as plane fuel JP8 (JET-A1). It's final quality is the effect of using additive components added to the base fuel before final distribution of fuel to a vehicle's tank.Nowadays the F-34/35 fuel is taken as unified battlefield fuel for all diesel engines of NATO nations. At the end of 20th century the F-34 fuel was taken under investigation, which focused mainly about elder generation engines completed with in-line and rotation injection pumps [2], without engines with high pressure Common rail systems. From the time of introduction that fuel the injection equipment has changed. In-line injection pumps with plungers and barrels injection units are used very rarely. Common Rail and unit injection systems are used instead. In that system injection pressure reaches 140 ÷ 200 MPa. It has a significant change on fuel quantity during injection [7,8,10,13,14]. Terms condition of fuel before injection to combustion chamber are changed relevantly, and temperature is much higher in comparison to classical in-line injection pump.The Common Rail systems are commonly used in engines of cars, low duty and heavy duty trucks, locomotives and vessels as well as combat vehicles, for instance the MTU engines of MT 880 series. In these engines in-line pumps used in earlier version were replaced by CR systems. That systems are widely used in heavy duty trucks, which are in possession of Polish Army (MAN, IVECO).Using raw F-34 fuel to fuel engine equipped with Common Rail system may cause serious change of work parameters. Own investigation of the G9T engine equipped with CR fuelling system led in Military University of Technology [10,11] shows important diminish of KArczewsKi M, szczęch L. influence of the F-34 unified battlefield fuel with bio components on usable parameters of the ic engine. eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc -Maintenance and reliability 2016;...

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“…0.150 kWh kg 21 [11]) than large aircraft fuels (approx. 12 kWh kg 21 [12]) and the fat of animals (approx. 11 kWh kg 21 [13]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Touchdown to take-off: at the interface of flight and surface locomotion

Roderick¹,

Cutkosky²,

Lentink³

2017

Interface Focus.

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Small aerial robots are limited to short mission times because aerodynamic and energy conversion efficiency diminish with scale. One way to extend mission times is to perch, as biological flyers do. Beyond perching, small robot flyers benefit from manoeuvring on surfaces for a diverse set of tasks, including exploration, inspection and collection of samples. These opportunities have prompted an interest in bimodal aerial and surface locomotion on both engineered and natural surfaces. To accomplish such novel robot behaviours, recent efforts have included advancing our understanding of the aerodynamics of surface approach and take-off, the contact dynamics of perching and attachment and making surface locomotion more efficient and robust. While current aerial robots show promise, flying animals, including insects, bats and birds, far surpass them in versatility, reliability and robustness. The maximal size of both perching animals and robots is limited by scaling laws for both adhesion and claw-based surface attachment. Biomechanists can use the current variety of specialized robots as inspiration for probing unknown aspects of bimodal animal locomotion. Similarly, the pitch-up landing manoeuvres and surface attachment techniques of animals can offer an evolutionary design guide for developing robots that perch on more diverse and complex surfaces.

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Energy Content and Alternative Jet Fuel Viability

Cited by 104 publications

References 6 publications

Evolving base for the fuel consumption optimization in Indian air transport: application of structural equation modeling

Evolving base for the fuel consumption optimization in Indian air transport: application of structural equation modeling

Influence of the F-34 unified battlefield fuel with bio components on usable parameters of the IC engine

Touchdown to take-off: at the interface of flight and surface locomotion

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