Energy balance closure at a variety of ecosystems in Central Europe with contrasting topographies

McGloin, Ryan; Šigut, Ladislav; Havránková, Kateřina; Dusek, J.T.; Pavelka, Marián; Sedlák, Pavel

doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.10.003

Cited by 49 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Measurements included R n , K ↓, K ↑, L ↓, and L ↑ measurements from CNR1 net radiometers (Kipp & Zonen, Netherlands), air temperature ( T a ) and relative humidity (RH) profile measurements from EMS33 temperature and humidity sensors (EMS Brno, Czech Republic), and P measurements from 386 Met One precipitation gauges (Met One Instruments, OR, USA). A more detailed overview of the most relevant instrumentation and the instrument setup at each site is given in McGloin et al ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A thorough data quality checking procedure was also applied to EC measurements in this study (see McGloin et al, , for details). In McGloin et al (), it was found that the bulk energy balance closure fraction, CF B (∑( LE + H )/∑AE), varied with wind direction, with particularly low closure fractions (≈0.5) for SE, S, and SW winds at the EB site. Thus, an additional quality check was applied to measurements from the EB site in this study, where days were excluded from analysis when greater than 50% of midday (09:00–15:00) wind direction measurements were SE, S, or SW (112.5–247.5°).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since there were no flux plate measurements at the sites, G z was calculated by the gradient method (Kimball et al, ) using the soil temperature profile measurements (see section ). The calorimetry approach was used to calculate G s (see McGloin et al, , for further details). Since there were no soil temperature measurements at the DNS site, G values were not available for this site.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The change in heat stored within the canopy air and biomass can be divided into four separate terms (all units are in W/m 2 ):

J = J_{veg} + J_{LE} + J_{H} + J_{c}

where J veg is the heat storage flux in the biomass, J LE and J H are the heat storage fluxes associated with changes in T a and RH in the air below the EC instrumentation, and J c is the energy absorbed during photosynthesis. The methods used to estimate these fluxes in this study are similar to those outlined in Moderow et al () and are described in detail in McGloin et al ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Available Energy Partitioning During Drought at Two Norway Spruce Forests and a European Beech Forest in Central Europe

et al. 2019

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Partitioning of the available energy at the Earth's surface into the latent heat (LE) and sensible heat (H) fluxes has important climatological, hydrological, and physiological implications. With the prediction of more frequent droughts in central Europe in the near future, there is a particular need to understand variability in available energy partitioning under drought stress conditions at forest ecosystems that are common in the region, such as Norway spruce and European beech. Using eddy covariance measurements from two Norway spruce sites with contrasting wet and dry climates and one European beech site in the Czech Republic, it was found that the proportion of energy partitioned into H was greater at the spruce sites than at the beech site in all conditions during the growing season. The difference between the mean midday (09:00–15:00) β values for low stress conditions and drought stress conditions was much smaller at the European beech site (β = 1.04 vs. 1.11) than at the wet (β = 1.52 vs. 2.50) and dry Norway spruce (β = 1.80 vs. 2.70) sites, indicating that β was not as sensitive to drought stress at the European beech site as at the Norway spruce sites. The high β values and enhancement of drought conditions through positive feedback processes at Norway spruce stands mean that the potential substitution of Norway spruce monocultures with mixed broadleaf‐coniferous stands in central Europe will likely lessen the severity of droughts and heat waves in the region.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The change in heat stored within the canopy air and biomass can be divided into four separate terms (all units are in W/m 2 ):

J = J_{veg} + J_{LE} + J_{H} + J_{c}

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Available Energy Partitioning During Drought at Two Norway Spruce Forests and a European Beech Forest in Central Europe

et al. 2019

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Linkage between surface energy balance non‐closure and horizontal asymmetric turbulent transport

Lan,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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A number of studies have reported that the traditional eddy covariance (EC) method generally underestimated vertical turbulent fluxes, leading to an outstanding non‐closure problem of the surface energy balance (SEB). Although it is recognized that the enlarged surface energy imbalance frequently coincides with the increasing wind shear, the role of large eddies in affecting the SEB remains unclear. Analyzing data collected by an EC array, considerable horizontal inhomogeneity of kinematic heat flux is observed. The results show that the combined EC method which incorporates the spatial flux contribution increases the kinematic heat flux by 21% relative to the traditional EC method, improving the SEB closure. Additionally, spectral analysis indicates that large eddies with scales ranging from 0.0005 to 0.01 (in the normalized frequency) mainly account for the horizontal inhomogeneity of kinematic heat flux. Under unstable conditions, this process is operating upon large eddies characterized by enlarged asymmetric turbulent flux transport. With enhanced wind shear, the increment of flux contribution associated with sweeps and ejections becomes disproportionate, contributing to the horizontal inhomogeneity of kinematic heat flux, and thus may explain the increased SEB non‐closure.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Energy balance closure and advective fluxes at ADVEX sites

Moderow

Grünwald

Queck

et al. 2020

Theor Appl Climatol

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When measuring the energy balance at the earth’s surface using the Eddy covariance technique, the obtained budgets seldom produce a closed energy balance. The measurements often miss some of the energy fluxes. A possible reason is the neglect of non-turbulent surface fluxes of latent heat and sensible heat, i.e. advective fluxes of these quantities. We present estimates of advective latent and sensible heat fluxes for three different sites across Europe based on the ADVEX dataset. The obtained horizontal and vertical advective fluxes were site-specific and characterized by large scatter. In relative terms, the data indicated that the sensible heat budget was less affected by advection than the latent heat budget during nighttime; this is because vertical turbulent latent heat fluxes were very small or close to zero during the night. The results further showed that the additional energy gain by sensible heat advection might have triggered enhanced evaporation for two sites during nighttime. Accounting for advective fluxes improved the energy balance closure for one of the three ADVEX sites. However, the energy balance closure of the other two sites did not improve overall. A comparison with energy balance residuals (energy missed by the measurements without accounting for advection) indicated a large influence of systematic errors. An inspection of the energy balance for the sloped site of the ADVEX dataset underlined the necessity of slope-parallel measurement of radiation.

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Energy balance closure at a variety of ecosystems in Central Europe with contrasting topographies

Cited by 49 publications

References 47 publications

Available Energy Partitioning During Drought at Two Norway Spruce Forests and a European Beech Forest in Central Europe

Available Energy Partitioning During Drought at Two Norway Spruce Forests and a European Beech Forest in Central Europe

Linkage between surface energy balance non‐closure and horizontal asymmetric turbulent transport

Energy balance closure and advective fluxes at ADVEX sites

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