Energy auditing and optimization approach for improving energy efficiency of rice cultivation in south-western Punjab, India

Singh, Pritpal; Singh, Gurdeep; Sodhi, G. P. S.

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.169

Cited by 96 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The R–W system has aggravated the problems associated with deterioration of soil structure and declining groundwater tables resulting in decreased crop, land and water productivity. The conventional crop establishment techniques for the R–W system are highly exhaustive in terms of labor, water and power, but especially water owing to the significantly higher water demand of rice (Bhatt et al 2020 ; Bhatt and Kukal 2018 ; Singh et al 2019a – b ). The Punjab and Haryana in NW Indian IGPs are producing rice at the cost of their natural resources (Dhillon et al 2010 ).…”

Section: Sustainability Issues Related To Rice–wheat Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Farmers in NW IGPs normally follow conventional agricultural practices, viz. intensively tilled and sown wheat followed by puddle transplanted rice, which are water, capital and energy intensive (Bhatt et al 2020 ; Singh et al 2019a , b ). In the NW IGPs, irrigation in rice is applied 5–6 times to facilitate land preparation and puddling (wet tillage in standing water) before rice seedling transplanting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Nawaz et al 2019 ). Singh et al ( 2019a ) reported total energy expenditure for use through different inputs in rice production in the R–W system which are in the decreasing order as follows: irrigation water (40.0%); fertilizers (24.7%); electricity (17.7%); fuel (8.8%); plant protection biocides (7.2%); farm machinery (0.8%); human labor (0.5%); and rice seeds (0.3%).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Rice–wheat system in the northwest Indo-Gangetic plains of South Asia: issues and technological interventions for increasing productivity and sustainability

Bhatt

Singh

Hossain

et al. 2021

Paddy Water Environ

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116

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Puddled transplanted rice ( Oryza sativa L.) followed by intensively tilled wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) (R–W) is the most predominant cropping system and the lifeline for billions of people in South Asia. The cultivation of R–W system requires high amounts of water, nutrients and energy, resulting in increased production costs and increased emissions of greenhouse gases. There are also increasing concerns of yield stagnation or decline in the R–W system, with increasing environmental footprints. Hence, the sustainability of the R–W system in South Asia, particularly in the northwest Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs), has been questioned and heavily debated. Based on the findings from peer-reviewed literature, this review aims to identify unsustainability issues and research gaps in the R–W system and propose possible solutions to mitigate those issues and technological interventions to close the research gaps. Among the unsustainability issues that the review has identified are declining crop, water and land productivity, deterioration of soil health, emissions of greenhouse gases due to intensive tillage and residue burning, deepening of groundwater levels and shift in weed flora and development of herbicidal resistance in crops. Potential solutions or technological interventions to mitigate the unsustainability issues include resource conservation technologies (RCTs) such as rice residue management, reduced tillage, laser land leveling, soil matric potential based irrigation scheduling, delayed rice transplanting, cultivation on permanent raised beds, direct-seeded rice (DSR), mechanical transplanting of rice and crop diversification with legumes. These interventions have the potential to reduce energy, water and carbon (C) footprints from the R–W system. Rice residue retention with Happy Seeder and adoption of zero tillage (ZT) for wheat establishment have significantly lowered the environmental footprints, with increased soil C sequestration due to additions of large amounts of plant-mediated C input. Residue mulching has helped increase root length of wheat by ~25% and root length density by ~40% below 15 cm depth, compared to no mulching. The Happy Seeder saved ~30% of irrigation water due to reduction of soil evaporation by ~42–48 mm through residue mulching. Crop cultivation on permanent raised beds is less energy-intensive and results in ~7.8–22.7% higher water use efficiency yet crop productivity in long run could be affected due to reduced root growth on beds. The puddled transplanted rice (PTR) established under wet tillage, however, can decrease the water percolation losses by 14–16% and crop water demand by ~10–25%, and it forms hard pan in soil plough (7–10 cm) layer due to increased soil bulk density. Water stagnation under continuously flooded PTR is the major source of methane emissions with serious environmental implications. Methane emissions from flooded rice can increase global warming potential by 18.1–27.6% compared to intermittently flooded ...

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Section: Sustainability Issues Related To Rice–wheat Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Rice–wheat system in the northwest Indo-Gangetic plains of South Asia: issues and technological interventions for increasing productivity and sustainability

Bhatt

Singh

Hossain

et al. 2021

Paddy Water Environ

Self Cite

116

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In a rice-wheat cropping system, Khan et al (2009) reported chemical fertilizers comprise 43% for rice and 47% of the total input energy used for wheat. In the study region, Singh et al (2019a) reported that of the total input energy of 52.4 ± 1.3 GJ ha −1 ,2 4.7% was shared by chemical fertilizers. However, in wheat, chemical fertilizers comprised~45% of total energy input 25.6 ± 0.5 GJ ha −1 (Singh et al 2019b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The imbalanced use of fertilizer N-P-K, e.g., 100-37-12 in India compared to 100-34-45 in the USA is responsible for lower nutrient use efficiency by crops in India (Norse 2003). Due to decreased nutrient use efficiency in ricewheat cropping system, the use of chemical fertilizers for sustaining crop yields has been increasing that resulted in higher direct emission of GHGs from soils (Wassmann et al 2009;Mandal et al 2015) and indirect emissions associ at ed wi th fert il izer manufact ure and use (Schlesinger 1999;Singh et al 2019aSingh et al , 2019b. In a ricewheat cropping system, chemical fertilizers are the major source of energy input accounting for 25-43% and 45-47% of total energy input in rice and wheat, respectively (Khan et al 2009;Benbi 2018) with significant carbon (C) footprints (Shang et al 2011;Ma et al 2013;Singh and Benbi 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Management Impacts on Nutrient Use Efficiency and Energy, Carbon, and Net Ecosystem Economic Budget of a Rice–Wheat Cropping System in Northwestern India

Singh

Benbi

Verma

2020

J Soil Sci Plant Nutr

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nutrient management practices on crop productivity, energy use efficiency (E R), greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions, and carbon (C) and economic yields which impacts the net ecosystem economic budget (NEEB) of worlds' largest rice-wheat cropping system. The effect of different nutrient management strategies (viz. UF control, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK, FYM, N + FYM, and NPK + FYM) on nutrient (N, P, and K) availability, nutrient use efficiency, and yield-scaled global warming potential (GWP) was studied to estimate the environment and economic costs, while increasing E R in a rice-wheat cropping system. Balanced fertilizer application (NPK) significantly (p < 0.05) improved nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency due to increased nutrient availability in soil compared with their imbalanced application.

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Energy assessment of different rice–wheat rotation systems

Jin

Zhang

Liu

2021

Food and Energy Security

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Food and energy security are important issues that threaten human survival and development. The rice–wheat rotation system provides a stable source of food for more than 20% of the world's population, but there have been no reports on the energy balance of different rice–wheat rotation systems. This study evaluates the energy inputs and outputs of three rice–wheat rotation systems and their energy production efficiency through the study of dry direct‐seeded, wet direct‐seeded, and transplanted rice–wheat rotation systems. The results of the study showed that the average total energy inputs in the dry direct‐seeded, wet direct‐seeded, and transplanted rice–wheat rotation systems were 58,677, 74,083, and 69,022 MJ ha−1, respectively. The production resources with more energy input in rice–wheat rotation system were all related to water and fertilizer. The energy input in the rice season accounts for more than 50.69% of the total energy input in the rice–wheat rotation system. At the same time, rice–wheat rotation production is highly dependent on nonrenewable energy. Among the three rice–wheat rotation systems, the transplanted rice–wheat rotation system had the highest total energy output and net energy, while the dry direct‐seeded rice–wheat rotation had the highest energy use efficiency, energy productivity, energy profitability, and human energy profitability. The results showed that the key to reducing the energy input in the rice–wheat rotation system is to reduce the amount of water and fertilizer. The transplanted rice–wheat rotation system is more suitable for promotion in rice–wheat rotation production areas with good irrigation conditions, while the dry direct‐seeded rice–wheat rotation system is highly compatible with the current development direction of low energy consumption and high energy efficiency in agricultural production and is suitable for promotion in rice–wheat production areas with poor irrigation conditions.

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Energy auditing and optimization approach for improving energy efficiency of rice cultivation in south-western Punjab, India

Cited by 96 publications

References 58 publications

Rice–wheat system in the northwest Indo-Gangetic plains of South Asia: issues and technological interventions for increasing productivity and sustainability

Rice–wheat system in the northwest Indo-Gangetic plains of South Asia: issues and technological interventions for increasing productivity and sustainability

Nutrient Management Impacts on Nutrient Use Efficiency and Energy, Carbon, and Net Ecosystem Economic Budget of a Rice–Wheat Cropping System in Northwestern India

Energy assessment of different rice–wheat rotation systems

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