Energy-Adjusted Dietary Intakes Are Associated with Perceived Barriers to Healthy Eating but Not Food Insecurity or Sports Nutrition Knowledge in a Pilot Study of ROTC Cadets

Abstract

Military service is inherently demanding and, due to the nature of these demands, the term “tactical athlete” has been coined to capture the physical requirements of the profession. Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) cadets are a unique subset of the military service community, and the complexity of their training and educational pursuits increases their susceptibility to unhealthy eating patterns. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the relationship between the perceived barriers to healthy eating, food insecurity, sports nutrition knowledge, and dietary patterns among Army ROTC cadets. The usual dietary intake was gathered from (N = 37) cadets using the General Nutrition Assessment Food Frequency Questionnaire. The perceived barriers to healthy eating were measured using a set of scales consisting of social barriers (6 items, α = 0.86), access barriers (2 items, α = 0.95), and personal barriers (2 items, α = 0.67), with higher-scale scores indicating greater perceived barriers. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to measure the association between the energy-adjusted dietary intakes and the scores on the barriers scales. Energy-adjusted intakes of calcium (ρ = −0.47, p ≤ 0.01), fiber (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.03), vitamin A (ρ = −0.46, p ≤ 0.01), vitamin C (ρ = −0.43, p ≤ 0.01), fruit (ρ = −0.34, p = 0.04), and vegetables (ρ = −0.50, p ≤ 0.01) were negatively correlated with the perceived personal barrier scores. The energy-adjusted intakes of fiber (ρ = −0.36, p = 0.03), vitamin C (ρ = −0.37, p = 0.03), and vitamin E (ρ = −0.45, p ≤.01) were negatively correlated with perceived social barriers, while energy-adjusted vitamin C intake was negatively correlated with perceived access barriers (ρ = −0.40, p = 0.01). Although additional research is needed to better understand the dietary patterns of ROTC cadets, among the participants in this study, greater perceived personal, social, and access barriers were associated with less nutrient-dense eating patterns. Interventions aimed at addressing such barriers may prove beneficial for the improvement of diet quality among ROTC cadets.

Male Army ROTC Cadets Fail to Meet Military Dietary Reference Intakes and Exhibit a High Prevalence of Low Energy Availability and Poor Sleep Quality

“…Nutritional analysis indicated that the cadets were not meeting many of the energy and macronutrient recommendations as per the MDRIs. The mean EI was 2375 ± 620.7 kcal/d, which is similar to a report by Daniels et al who also showed an average EI of 2414 kcal/d in male army ROTC cadets [ 23 ]. This is well below the military’s recommendation of 3400 kcal/d for the average 85 kg male doing moderate levels of activity [ 19 ].…”

Prevalence of and Contributors to Food Insecurity among College Athletes: A Scoping Review

“…Balancing demanding academic and athletic schedules poses a unique challenge for college athletes, often impacting their ability to access adequate nutrition to fuel their sports performance [8,11,12]. Although various factors influence food access for all college students, Nutrients 2024, 16, 1346 2 of 13 recognizing the distinct challenges faced by student-athletes is crucial for developing effective interventions tailored to this specific demographic.…”

“…Note: FI = food insecurity; NCAA = National Collegiate Athletics Association; 6-/10-/18-item US-HFSSM = U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: 6-/10-/18-Item Short Form[16]; NHPI = Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.…”