Endurance exercise regimens induce differential effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, synapsin-I and insulin-like growth factor I after focal ischemia

Synapsin I Is an Oligomannose-Carrying Glycoprotein, Acts As an Oligomannose-Binding Lectin, and Promotes Neurite Outgrowth and Neuronal Survival When Released via Glia-Derived Exosomes

“…SD waves in healthy brains lead to activation of microglia and astrocytes, which can secrete neurotrophic factors, exert neuroprotective functions, and play beneficial roles in preischemic conditioning, making the tissue more resistant to subsequent insults. Interestingly, hypoxia or ischemia has been shown to result in an increase of synapsin levels in various brain regions (Ploughman et al, 2005), suggesting that synapsin is involved in the brain's response to stress conditions and that it is associated with neuroprotective mechanisms. One may speculate that SD waves or oxidative stress lead to increases in extracellular KCl concentrations, which trigger the release of synapsin from glia-derived exosomes.…”

How to Modify the Forced Running Wheel for Ischemic Stroke Rehabilitation in Rats

“…This method reduced their psychological stress during exercise training to a minimum and accomplished an effective rehabilitation treatment. The treatment effect of the currently marketed forced motion platform (treadmill and running wheel) for animal rehabilitation is not obvious [12][13][14], mainly due to physical injuries from frequent electric shock when using a treadmill [14] and fall injuries when rats failed to keep up with the speed on MRW and ISRW [12,13]. Therefore, this study presented an infrared sensing feedback speed adjustment mechanism; that is, when the rat is about to fall or fails to keep up with the current speed, the training intensity will be reduced accordingly.…”

“…Another advantage of this platform is the capability to record all running states during the entire training process, which is a feature unavailable in the current market. Commercially available platforms can only use a fixed training intensity and time to estimate the total amount of exercise [9,10,[12][13][14]. However, the entire training process may involve invalid exercises (such as electric shocks, falls, etc.…”

“…Currently, exercise platforms used in animals are mainly of two types, including the treadmill and running wheel. Both training methods use a fixed speed to train rats during a fixed period of time, which has demonstrated certain effectiveness in preventing cerebral stroke [11] but has shown little effectiveness for the recovery process after a cerebral stroke [12][13][14]. The reason for the ineffectiveness was that the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) operation had already been performed to trigger the ischemic stroke.…”

“…Previous studies have shown that the current treadmill and MRW methods have a beneficial effect for stroke prevention [11] but do not guarantee a significant effect for stroke rehabilitation [12][13][14]. Therefore, the same exercise training models should not be used for stroke prevention and rehabilitation.…”