Endotoxin Effects on Cardiac and Renal Functions and Cardiorenal Syndromes

Abstract

Gram-negative sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critical ill patients. Recent findings in molecular biology and in signaling pathways have enhanced our understanding of its pathogenesis and opened up opportunities of innovative therapeutic approaches. Endotoxin plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of multi-organ dysfunction in the setting of gram-negative sepsis. Indeed, heart and kidney impairments seem to be induced by the release of circulating pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mediators triggered by endotoxin interaction with immune cells. These molecules are responsible for cellular apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest, and microRNAs activation. Therefore, the early identification of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury and heart dysfunction may improve the patient clinical outcome. In this report, we will consider the role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of sepsis, its effects on both cardiac and renal functions, and the interactions between these 2 systems in the setting of cardiorenal syndromes (CRS), particularly in CRS type 5. Finally, we will discuss the possible role of extracorporeal therapies in reducing endotoxin levels.

Extraction, Quantification, and Cytokine Inhibitory Response of Bakuchiol in Psoralea coryfolia Linn.

“…LPS caused increase in organ function biochemical markers of, AST, ALT, ALP, BIL, SCr, and BUN in plasma of animals. This increase in biochemical indices by LPS has been previously reported [20]. LPS has been proposed to produce NO and other reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes peroxidation and cell modifications that further leads to the cell membrane disruption and following release of cell contents [21].…”

“…Numerous findings have shown a role for TNF-α and IL-1in sepsis, for both laboratory animal models of septic shock and clinical trials of sepsis [38,39]. Bacterial endotoxin administration results in the production and release of TNF-α and IL-1 into the systemic circulation, where peak concentrations are detected from the first 1 to 2 h of LPS administration [20,40]. BKL is a known antioxidant and in the current study it has been shown that BKL significantly downregulates the inflammatory cytokines, which is in agreement with the previous results of Zhang and co-workers [41].…”

Potential role of lncRNA HULC/miR‑128‑3p/RAC1 axis in the inflammatory response during LPS‑induced sepsis in HMEC‑1 cells

“…lPS is an endotoxin that is able to regulate the development of myocardial injury caused by sepsis (22), and has been widely used to induce sepsis models in vitro (23,24). in the present study, 1 µg/ml LPS was used to treat HMEC-1 cells.…”

The pathogens of blood stream infection in the patients who applied to emergency medicine service: a three year retrospective analysis of a university hospital

“…It is reported that gram-negative pathogens can cause more severe symptoms than the gram-positives, because of the frequent endotoxemia caused by the lipopolisaccaride content of the gram-negative cell wall [7,8]. Additionally, storming immune response of the host can trigger anaphylotoxic effects which can result with hypotension and circulatory collapse [9].…”