Endorphins and mood changes in long-distance running

Markoff, Richard A.; Ryan, Paul; Young, T

doi:10.1249/00005768-198201000-00002

Cited by 115 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Previous studies using opioid antagonists have similarly failed to observe a significant change in mood (e.g. Farrell et al 1986;Grossman et al 1984;Markoff et al 1982), although Daniels et al (Daniel et al 1992) found that 50 mg naltrexone inhibited positive affective states following 75 min of exercise in a within-subject randomised trial. This inconsistency may be due to the use of different methods for quantifying mood states.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

‘Naltrexone Blocks Endorphins Released when Dancing in Synchrony’

Tarr

Launay

Benson

et al. 2017

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

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Group synchronised dance is hypothesised to activate the Endogenous Opioid System (EOS), thereby increasing pain threshold, and encouraging social closeness. Previous studies have been limited to the use of pain threshold as a proxy indicator of EOS activation. We conducted a double-blind administration of placebo and naltrexone (an endorphin antagonist) before groups of strangers danced in synchrony and measured both pain threshold and sense of belonging to the group after dancing. A 100 mg dose of naltrexone resulted in significant hyperalgesic effects compared to the control participants, confirming that increases in pain threshold in the control group are due to activation of the EOS and release of endorphins during synchronised dancing. However, there was no significant effect of treatment on perceptions of social closeness. Social bonding during dance may plausibly be underpinned by elements of the EOS not blocked by naltrexone and/or interactions with other neurohormones and socio-cognitive mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

‘Naltrexone Blocks Endorphins Released when Dancing in Synchrony’

Tarr

Launay

Benson

et al. 2017

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

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“…There are two possible explanations for this. The ®rst is that exercise has a therapeutic effect by reducing tension and irritation; this assumes that ratings of irritability and tension during the non-exercise days is normal level (Morgan, 1979;Markoff et al, 1982). A second possibility is that deprivation of exercise (the requirement to refrain from vigorous physical activity on non-exercise days) causes an increase in tension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High dose exercise does not increase hunger or energy intake in free living males

et al. 1997

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Objective: To examine the effects of a high dose (two high-intensity exercise sessions) of exercise on energy intake (EI) and subjective states (hunger and mood). Design: Using a within subjects design, there were two treatment conditions, each of two consecutive days. Setting: The Human Appetite Research Unit at Leeds University Psychology Department. Subjects: Eight lean males who were regular exercisers were recruited from the student/staff population of Leeds University.Interventions: The effects of the high dose of exercise on Ex1 were compared with the effects on the day immediately after exercise (Ex2) and two consecutive days of no exercise (R1 and R2). EI was monitored using self-record food diaries and subjective states were tracked using a new Electronic Appetite Rating System (EARS). Heart rate and physical activity were also measured. Results: Feelings of hunger were not elevated by the high dose of exercise on Ex1 or on the day after exercise (Ex2). In fact, average daily feeling of hunger on Ex1 was signi®cantly lower compared with the average daily feeling of hunger on Ex2 (t 3.15, d.f. 7, P`0.05), but not when compared with R1 or R2. EI and macronutrient intakes were not different on Ex1, Ex2, R1 or R2. Therefore, there was no increase in EI on Ex1 or Ex2 to account for the measured increase in exercise-induced energy expenditure (1200 kcal). Continuously monitored heart rate and activity pro®les indicated that there was no difference in activity during the non-exercise periods between the four days. Conclusions: This study indicates that a high dose of exercise in one day failed to have any effect on EI within the same day or on the day immediately after exercise, compared with days of no exercise. These results demonstrate that an acute but substantial increase in energy expenditure (EE) due to intense exercise does not automatically increase hunger or EI within 48 h. This indicates the absence of any strong coupling between EE and EI in the short-term, probably as a result of food intake being held in place by environmental contingencies and short-term pre-absorptive physiological responses arising from eating itself.

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“…Janel, Colt, Clark, and Glusman (1984) found that intravenous injections of 0.8 mglkg of naloxone attenuated post-run measures of joy and euphoria in long-distance runners. However, Markoff, Ryan, and Young (1982) found that subcutaneous injections of the same dose had no effect on elevated post-run measures of mood in long-distance runners.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Effects of High Doses of Naltrexone on Running and Responding for The Opportunity to Run in Rats: A Test of the Opiate Hypothesis

Belke

Dunlop

1998

Psychol Rec

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Previous research shows that low to moderate doses of opiate antagonists do not affect running whereas high doses decrease running. This decrease in running has been interpreted as a motivational effect; however, it may also be an effect of motoric impairment, malaise, or sedation. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of high doses of naltrexone on running and responding for the opportunity to run in rats. Seven male Wistar rats, trained to press levers for the opportunity to run for 30 s, were exposed to a series of tandem fixed-ratio 1 variable-interval (VI) schedules of reinforcement where the value of the VI schedule was varied. Four rats were exposed to a VI 60-, VI 30-, and VI 5-s schedule order and the remaining three were exposed to VI 5-, VI 30-, and VI 60-s schedule order. After 50 sessions, doses of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg of naltrexone were administered prior to a session. Results showed that naltrexone significantly decreased rates of lever pressing and running and increased postreinforcement latency to respond. Within-session analyses showed that naltrexone significantly decreased responding and running during the first schedule of a session regardless of schedule value. The lack of interaction of the drug effect with the schedule of reinforcement is inconsistent with a motivational effect. Consequently, it was concluded that decreases in running caused by high doses of naltrexone are not motivational and should not be taken as evidence in support of the opiate hypothesis.After engaging in rigorous bouts of physical activity an individual sometimes experiences subjective feelings of euphoria. This phenomenon is known as "runner's high." Although widely known, the physiology underlying this phenomenon is not well understood. The endogenous opiate hypothesis attributes this phenomenon to a release This report is based on an undergraduate thesis submitted by L. Dunlop in partial fulfillment of a B.Sc. degree

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Endorphins and mood changes in long-distance running

Cited by 115 publications

References 0 publications

‘Naltrexone Blocks Endorphins Released when Dancing in Synchrony’

‘Naltrexone Blocks Endorphins Released when Dancing in Synchrony’

High dose exercise does not increase hunger or energy intake in free living males

Effects of High Doses of Naltrexone on Running and Responding for The Opportunity to Run in Rats: A Test of the Opiate Hypothesis

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