Endoreduplication and activation of the anaphase‐promoting complex during symbiotic cell development

Abstract

Postembryonic development of plant organs requires a constant interplay between the cell cycle and the developmental programs. Upon endo-and exogenous signals, plant cells can enter, exit or modify the cell cycle. Alteration of mitotic cycles to endoreduplication cycles, where the genome is duplicated without mitosis, is common in plants and may play a role in cell differentiation. The switch from the mitotic to endocycles is regulated by Ccs52A, a plant orthologue of the yeast and animal Cdhl proteins, acting as substrate-specific activator of the anaphase-promoting complex E3 ubiquitin ligase. Here, several aspects of endoreduplication are discussed with special attention on nitrogen-fixing nodule development where endoreduplication is an integral part of symbiotic cell differentiation.

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“…In polyploid cells, the increased gene dosages may enhance the transcriptional and metabolic activities. In addition, several processes are eliminated in the endoreduplication cycle such as the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and condensation of the chromosomes, and that might allow faster growth [36]. Ploidy level also plays a role in controlling the size of the cells, the organs or the whole plant [6,9,37].…”

Nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium-legume symbiosis: are polyploidy and host peptide-governed symbiont differentiation general principles of endosymbiosis?

“…In zone II the cell cycle machinery is still active but the lack of mitotic cyclins inhibits mitosis and transforms the mitotic cycles to endoreduplication cycles (Cebolla et al, 1999). This is achieved by the cell cycle switch CCS52A protein that by the destruction of the mitotic cyclins induces repeated rounds of genome duplication leading to the formation of gradually growing polyploid cells (Roudier et al, 2003; Kondorosi and Kondorosi, 2004). In Medicago species the ploidy levels can reach 64C representing 64-fold higher DNA content compared to the haploid cells (C corresponds to the haploid DNA content; Vinardell et al, 2003).…”

Endoreduplication in floral structure, vegetative and fruits of red pitaya with white pulp

“…In plants, the occurrence of endoreduplication is common and documented in the endosperm of the cereal crops (SABELLI et al, 2009), cotton fiber (Gossypium hirsutum) (WILKINS et al, 2000), tomato fruits (CHEVALIER et al, 2011), nitrogen fixing legumes (KONDOROSI; KONDOROSI, 2004). It is also reported in the endosperm and cotyledon of the seeds in development (LEE et al, 2009).…”