Endopolyploidy and chloroplast numbers in different cell types of trisomic sugar beets

Abstract

Earlier investigations were continued on cell specific effects of eight different extra chromosomes in single trisomic sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.). The degree of endopolyploidy, which was determined approximately by means of chloroplast numbers per cell, was changed by the presence of certain extra chromosomes: it either increased (I, II, VIII) or decreased (III through VII), but in epidermis and in spongy parenchyma the change was in the same direction. Sometimes, however, the degree was found to increase in spongy parenchyma alone or to decrease in epidermis alone; this evidence is consistent with the generally low liability of the epidermis to endopolyploidization. Independently of endopolyploidy the basic number of plastids (i.e., the amount reached in a cell type under given conditions, but without endopolyploidy) was altered in certain trisomes: it was higher (with extra chromosomes III through VI) or lower (II, perhaps also I) than in eudiploid control plants, the change taking the same direction in epidermal and in spongy parenchyma cells as in guard cells.

The production of alien monosomic additions in Beta vulgaris as a source for the introgression of resistance to beet root nematode (Heterodera schachtii) from Beta species of the section Patellares

“…Those seeds gave rise to 183 BC1 plants, of which 25~o had 19 chromosomes. This value is equal to the figures presented by BUTTERFASS (1973) and KALTSIKES & EVANS (1967) for the occurrence of trisomics in progeny of autotriploid x diploid B. vulgaris, but higher than those presented by BOSEMARK (1969) for monosomic additions observed in progeny of allotriploid interspecific hybrids. The higher amount of additions as well as the higher frequency of resistant additions in our material, compared to the figures reported by BOSEMARK (1969) and SAVITSKY (1978) may well be due to differences in genetic background (KUSH, 1973).…”

“…The higher amount of additions as well as the higher frequency of resistant additions in our material, compared to the figures reported by BOSEMARK (1969) and SAVITSKY (1978) may well be due to differences in genetic background (KUSH, 1973). However, results of germination tests with non-preconditioned seed of hybrid nature, and the conformity of the occurrence of trisomics in the progenies of autotriploids reported by BUTTERFASS (1973) and KALTSlKES & EVANS (1967) with the transmission of the alien chromosomes in our material, indicate that pre-selection and pre-conditioning the seed is an important factor for the survival of sub-viable monosomic additions. The BC1 backcross of tetraploid B. vulgaris x B. patellaris products originating from matings with mangold were not very successful (Table 3).…”

Genome Analysis: Mapping in Sugar Beet

“…After cytological investigations of sugar beet trisomics, the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) was assigned to chromosome 1 (Butterfass 1963;. The location of the 18S-5.8S-25S rRNA gene cluster at the NOR was later confirmed by FISH (Schmidt et al 1994).…”

“…Location of genes for Mendelian traits and quantitatively inherited characters (QTL) on the nine chromosomes of sugar beet. The chromosomes were designated as suggested by Butterfass (1963) and PsbO, cTRF, PsaL, PsbR, PetH, PsbP, PsaE, PsbQ, PsaH, PetC (Pillen et al 1996) d Butterfass (1963) e Keller (1936); Owen et al (1940); Owen and Ryser (1942) f Early bolting B (Boudry et al 1994) g Root color Y, curly top resistance C, cited from (Wagner et al 1992) h Stem fasciation Fas, restoration of male fertility Z and X, and more isozyme loci (Wagner et al 1992) i Nematode resistance gene Nema (Uphoff and Wricke 1995) j Pillen et al (1993) k Resistance to rhizomania, Rr1, monogerm character M (Barzen et al 1995) l Skdh2 might be linked with a restorer gene, perhaps X (Abe et al 1993) m Z might be linked with M (Roundy and Theurer 1974) n Late bolting, Nb, sugar content, Sc (Savitsky 1958) o Laporte et al (1998) Weber et al (2000) t Setiawan et al (2000) u Schäfer-Pregl et al (1999) v Scholten et al (1999) w Hjerdin-Panagopoulos et al (2002) x Schneider et al (2002) cence were processed, resulting in the identification of 30,444 clusters (Herwig et al 2002). After sequencing 10,961 clones, 9745 different cDNAs were identified.…”

“…used a standard set of 24 mapped RFLPs in combination with a set of primary trisomics (Butterfass 1963). In this way, each linkage group could be assigned to one of the nine chromosomes of sugar beet.…”