Endophytic oviposition on leaves from the Late Triassic of northern Chile: Ichnotaxonomic, palaeobiogeographic and palaeoenvironment considerations

Gnaedinger, Silvia Cristina; Adami-Rodrigues, Karen; Gallego, Oscar Florencio

doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2014.06.003

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The Yipinglang Flora of the Chuxiong Prefecture in central Yunnan, China [66], also has provided Late Triassic data. From Gondwana, a significant amount of data has originated from several regional basins along the Andean Volcanic Arc in Argentina [25] and Chile [67,68], the extensive Late Triassic (Carnian) Karoo Basin of South Africa [9,69,70], and the Ipswich and Sydney basins of Eastern Australia [71,72]. These global occurrences, overwhelmingly are from the Middle and early Late Triassic, and indicate that Triassic plant–insect interactions are significantly undersampled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floral Assemblages and Patterns of Insect Herbivory during the Permian to Triassic of Northeastern Italy

2016

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To discern the effect of the end-Permian (P-Tr) ecological crisis on land, interactions between plants and their insect herbivores were examined for four time intervals containing ten major floras from the Dolomites of northeastern Italy during a Permian–Triassic interval. These floras are: (i) the Kungurian Tregiovo Flora; (ii) the Wuchiapingian Bletterbach Flora; (iii) three Anisian floras; and (iv) five Ladinian floras. Derived plant–insect interactional data is based on 4242 plant specimens (1995 Permian, 2247 Triassic) allocated to 86 fossil taxa (32 Permian, 56 Triassic), representing lycophytes, sphenophytes, pteridophytes, pteridosperms, ginkgophytes, cycadophytes and coniferophytes from 37 million-year interval (23 m.yr. Permian, 14 m.yr. Triassic). Major Kungurian herbivorized plants were unaffiliated taxa and pteridosperms; later during the Wuchiapingian cycadophytes were predominantly consumed. For the Anisian, pteridosperms and cycadophytes were preferentially consumed, and subordinately pteridophytes, lycophytes and conifers. Ladinian herbivores overwhelming targeted pteridosperms and subordinately cycadophytes and conifers. Throughout the interval the percentage of insect-damaged leaves in bulk floras, as a proportion of total leaves examined, varied from 3.6% for the Kungurian (N = 464 leaves), 1.95% for the Wuchiapingian (N = 1531), 11.65% for the pooled Anisian (N = 1324), to 10.72% for the pooled Ladinian (N = 923), documenting an overall herbivory rise. The percentage of generalized consumption, equivalent to external foliage feeding, consistently exceeded the level of specialized consumption from internal feeding. Generalized damage ranged from 73.6% (Kungurian) of all feeding damage, to 79% (Wuchiapingian), 65.5% (pooled Anisian) and 73.2% (pooled Ladinian). Generalized-to-specialized ratios show minimal change through the interval, although herbivore component community structure (herbivore species feeding on a single plant-host species) increasingly was partitioned from Wuchiapingian to Ladinian. The Paleozoic plant with the richest herbivore component community, the coniferophyte Pseudovoltzia liebeana, harbored four damage types (DTs), whereas its Triassic parallel, the pteridosperm Scytophyllum bergeri housed 11 DTs, almost four times that of P. liebeana. Although generalized DTs of P. liebeana were similar to S. bergeri, there was expansion of Triassic specialized feeding types, including leaf mining. Permian–Triassic generalized herbivory remained relatively constant, but specialized herbivores more finely partitioned plant-host tissues via new feeding modes, especially in the Anisian. Insect-damaged leaf percentages for Dolomites Kungurian and Wuchiapingian floras were similar to those of lower Permian, north-central Texas, but only one-third that of southeastern Brazil. Global herbivore patterns for Early Triassic plant–insect interactions remain unknown.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floral Assemblages and Patterns of Insect Herbivory during the Permian to Triassic of Northeastern Italy

2016

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“…Ovipositions described here are most similar to P. rectus Vasilenko: ''Elongate to lens-shaped scars oriented in a single, linear row, with long axes of scars aligned lengthwise, mostly parallel to the long axis of the leaf and usually occurring along the midrib'' (Sarzetti et al 2009), although less similar to the diagnosis of Gnaedinger et al (2014). The ichnospecies is defined and most frequently reported from Cenozoic material (Petrulevicius et al 2011;Sarzetti et al 2009;Vasilenko 2005), but similar patterns have also been described on Mesozoic Coniferales and Ginkgoales (Vasilenko 2005;van Konijnenburgvan Cittert and Schmeißner 1999) and the range of the species has recently been extended to the Late Triassic through Early Cretaceous (Gnaedinger et al 2014). Although association with a midrib cannot be found here (since Ginkgoales leaves posses none), alignment of long axis of ovipositions to long axis of leaves, together with shape and pattern of the structures, allow us to preliminarily place the Triassic-Jurassic East Greenland ovipositions in P. rectus.…”

Section: Systematicsmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Most of these structures are preserved as elliptical or spindle-shaped 'scars' on fossil leaf impressions, are arranged in a regular or semi-regular manner and are considerably larger than the structures reported here, about 2-3 mm long and 1-1.5 mm wide. By comparison with modern material, the ovipositions have been interpreted as deposited by insects from order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) (e.g., Gnaedinger et al 2014;Grauvogel-Stamm and Kelber 1996;Krassilov et al 2007;McLoughlin 2011;Moisan et al 2012;Popa and Zaharia 2011;van Konijnenburg-van Cittert and Schmeissner 1999), although recent dragonflies and damselflies lay eggs that are smaller (Allen et al 1984;Grimaldi and Engel 2005). One previously published study of plant-insect association involving Jurassic ginkgoalean leaf macrofossils identifies the insects as belonging to order Mecoptera, but does not record ovipositions (Wang et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparison and Remarks.-The ichnogenus Paleoovoidus now consists of eight ichnospecies based on recent studies (Gnaedinger et al 2014;Sarzetti et al 2009: Vasilenko 2005. Ovipositions described here are most similar to P. rectus Vasilenko: ''Elongate to lens-shaped scars oriented in a single, linear row, with long axes of scars aligned lengthwise, mostly parallel to the long axis of the leaf and usually occurring along the midrib'' (Sarzetti et al 2009), although less similar to the diagnosis of Gnaedinger et al (2014).…”

Section: Systematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fossilized invertebrate ichno-and crypto-remains, as well as traces including feeding damage, shelter mining and ovipositions in and on fossil leaves, add to knowledge of ancient terrestrial ecosystem function. Until recently, comprehensive studies had mostly been conducted on Cenozoic angiosperm floras (e.g., Wilf and Labandeira 1999;Smith 2008;Wappler 2010), but Mesozoic and Paleozoic plant-insect research is also rapidly increasing in volume (e.g., Béthoux et al 2004;Gnaedinger et al 2014;Krassilov et al 2007;McLoughlin 2011;Moisan et al 2012;Popa and Zaharia 2011;Sarzetti et al 2009;Wappler et al 2015). Only one previous study reports plantinsect association involving ginkgoalean fossil leaves, where body fossils (wings and abdomen) of mecopteran insects (scorpionflies and relatives) were reported mimicking Yimaia capituliformis ginkgoalean leaf macrofossils accurately, possibly as an anti-predator avoidance device or predatory strategy (Wang et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for Insect and Annelid Activity Across the Triassic-Jurassic Transition of East Greenland

Steinthorsdottir

Tosolini

McElwain

2015

PALAIOS

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During a study of macroflora from the Astartekløft locality in Jameson Land, East Greenland, endophytic insect ovipositions (egg traces) belonging to ichnogenus Paleoovoidus were recorded for the first time in ginkgoalean (Ginkgoites, Sphenobaiera, and Baiera) fossil leaves across the Triassic-Jurassic (Tr-J) transition (ca. 200 Ma). The ovipositions may have been produced by insects in the order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) and are relatively more abundant before than after the Tr-J transition, possibly reflecting changes in plant-insect association. Fossil clitellate annelid (leech) cocoons were also discovered in a macerated sample from a single bed within the Tr-J transition. The cocoons belong to two species: Dictyothylakos pesslerae and Pilothylakos pilosus, extending the range of the latter genus from the Early Cretaceous to the Early Jurassic. This new evidence suggests that the ecosystem and food webs were profoundly affected by the environmental degradation surrounding the end-Triassic event (ETE), which was marked by faunal mass extinctions and floral turnover. Invertebrate ichno-and body fossils may add significantly to paleoenvironmental information provided by plant fossil assemblages, and therefore a protocol for recording evidence of invertebrate activity in paleobotanical research is suggested, including analyzing a standardized number of specimens for fossil traces and bulk maceration for discovery of invertebrate body fossils. More well-designed studies on Mesozoic plant-invertebrate associations are needed and will provide deeper knowledge about the structure and evolution of complex ecosystems.

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Insect herbivory fluctuations through geological time

Pinheiro

Iannuzzi

Duarte

2016

Ecology

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Arthropods and land plants are the major macroscopic sources of biodiversity on the planet. Knowledge of the organization and specialization of plant-herbivore interactions, such as their roles in food webs is important for understanding the processes for maintaining biodiversity. A limited number of studies have examined herbivory through geological time. The most have analyzed localities from one restricted interval within a geological period, or a time transition such as the Paleocene-Eocene boundary interval. In the present study, we analyzed the frequency of herbivory and density of damage type (DT) from the Middle Devonian to the early Miocene. The data were compiled from literature sources and focused on studies that describe occurrences of leaves with DTs indicating herbivore consumption as a proportion of the total number of leaves analyzed. The data were standardized based on the DT categories in the Damage Type Guide, and the age of each locality was updated based on the most recent geochronological standard and expressed in millions of years. Temperature and geological age were the best descriptors of the variation in herbivory frequency, which tended to increase at higher temperatures. Two models were equivalent to explain DT density: the interaction between CO levels and geological age, and O levels and geological age had the same predictive power. The density of DT tended to increase with higher content of atmospheric CO and O compared to modern values. The frequency of herbivory and the density of DTs appear to be influenced by long-term atmospheric variables.

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Endophytic oviposition on leaves from the Late Triassic of northern Chile: Ichnotaxonomic, palaeobiogeographic and palaeoenvironment considerations

Cited by 34 publications

References 43 publications

Floral Assemblages and Patterns of Insect Herbivory during the Permian to Triassic of Northeastern Italy

Floral Assemblages and Patterns of Insect Herbivory during the Permian to Triassic of Northeastern Italy

Evidence for Insect and Annelid Activity Across the Triassic-Jurassic Transition of East Greenland

Insect herbivory fluctuations through geological time

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