ENDOGENOUS INTOXICATION AND INFLAMMATION: REACTION SEQUENCE AND INFORMATIVITY OF THE MARKERS (review)

Abstract

According to modern phylogenetic theory of general pathology (V.N. Titov, 2003, 2013) inflammation is a nonspecific biological reaction, providing the removal of excessive amount of highmolecular macromolecules and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis (endoecology). The increase of any metabolite concentration above the physiological range is a violation of the «purity» of intercellular medium. This triggers two nonspecific biological reactions, namely the excretion used to remove «biological waste» of a molecular weight less than 70 kD and the inflammation in case the larger molecules and their complexes should be removed via neutrophils, resident macrophages and endothelial cells. Blood concentration of leukocytes has been used for evaluation of inflammation and intoxication activity for many decades. However, at the molecular level there is a requirement in precise differentiation of metabolites, activating leukocytes, and metabolites, excessively forming as a result of activation, because the last disturb molecular homeostasis and may damage cells and tissues. Validity of leucocytal intoxication index (LII) of Ya.Ya. Kalf-Kalif, concentration ratio of low and medium molecular weight substances, average molecular peptides, total and effective albumin as markers of endogenous intoxication (M.Ya. Malakhova, 2005) are considered. It is shown that primary agent, activating neutrophils and some factors of humoral immunity, is a lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) of gram-negative microflora (M.Yu. Yakovlev, 2003; O.W. McIntyre, 2011). An excess of endotoxin inflow is possible under intestine and liver pathologies, and due to sympathoadrenal system activation, and also with feed and air. The overload of systems and organs of elimination of endotoxin causes secondary immunodeficiency, which becomes the cause of acute and chronic inflammatory processes of various localizations. It is offered to consider lipopolysaccharide of gramnegative microflora as a primary agent of endogenous intoxication and all the metabolites, produces at increased concentrations as a result of polymorphonuclear leukocytes activation such as reactive oxygen species, oxidated proteins, products of lipid peroxidation and proteolysis, as a secondary one. Such an approach allows to single out various points of application for therapy of endogenous intoxication: i) elimination of excessive concentration of lipopolysaccharide in blood by limiting its production and income from internal and external sources, as well as by a variety of methods of active binding and excretion of endotoxin (S.V. Smirnov et al., 2003; K. Battenschoen et al., 2010); ii) reducing the concentration of «secondary» metabolites in blood and tissues.

Endogenous Intoxication and Saliva Lipid Peroxidation in Patients with Lung Cancer

“…The ultraviolet spectrophotometry of biologic fluids is a basic method to measure MM levels [9]. The wavelength range of 220–255 nm is the peak absorption spectrum of non-aromatic (254 nm) sulphur-containing amino acids (cystine, cysteine, and methionine); 250–256 nm is the maximum of extinctions for purine bases (adenine, guanine).…”

“…Their structure is similar to that of regulatory peptides [8]. They can connect and block cell receptors, thereby changing intracellular metabolism and functions [9]. This is particularly evident in inflammatory processes of various localizations, in case of an exposure to toxic chemicals, and in malignant tumor growth [9,10,11].…”

“…They can connect and block cell receptors, thereby changing intracellular metabolism and functions [9]. This is particularly evident in inflammatory processes of various localizations, in case of an exposure to toxic chemicals, and in malignant tumor growth [9,10,11]. Endogenous intoxication substrates include reactive oxygen species; products of lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of proteins; peroxides, hydroperoxides, diene conjugates, and malondialdehyde.…”

Multiple Effects of Preeclampsia in Cows on Postnatal Growth and Health of Offspring

“…Эти данные согласуются с более ранними сообщениями (33, 34) и свидетельствуют о тесной патогенетической связи омфалита и респираторных заболеваний у новорожденных телят. Известно, что СМП способны блокировать рецепторы клеток, загружать активные центры молекулы альбумина и конкурировать с регуляторными пептидами, нарушая процессы гуморальной регуляции, а также оказывать токсическое влияние на развивающийся плод (23,25,35). Мы показали, что внутриутробная интоксикация негативно влияет на среднесуточный прирост живой массы у телят в первые 2 мес после рождения: у телят от матерей с физиологическим течением беременности этот показатель за 1-й мес жизни на 46,2 % (p < 0,01) превышал таковой в потомстве коров с преэклампсией.…”

The qualityof the blood of cows during pregnancy and their effects on reproduction and survival of newborn calves

“…Natural and Technical Sciences, VI(17), Issue: 157, 2018 www.seanewdim.com Вказують на те, що [7] у тварин з високим генетич-ним потенціалом під час росту та розвитку плода спостерігаються відхилення в гемодинамічних та гемостазіологічних процесах, які призводять до по-рушення процесів адаптації пов'язаних з функціями системи «мати -плацента -плід», сприяють затримці посліду, зниженню інволюційних процесів статевих органів самок після родів.Вважають, що в першу чер-гу це пов'язано із зниженням процесів еритроцитопо-езу. Оскільки кількість еритроцитів в крові таких тварин менше, відповідно знижується їх здатність до утилізації Оксигену, що порушує параметри гомеос-тазу, енентіостазу та гемостазу.…”