Endogenous Human Retroviruses

Wilkinson, David; Mager, Dixie L.; Leong, Jo‐Ann C.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1730-0_9

Cited by 187 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 306 publications

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“…The human genome contains thousands of endogenous retrovirus-like elements (HERVs ; reviewed by Wilkinson et al, 1994). Many of these are expressed as RNA in both normal and malignant tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spliced human endogenous retroviral HERV-H env transcripts in T-cell leukaemia cell lines and normal leukocytes: alternative splicing pattern of HERV-H transcripts.

Lindeskog

Blomberg

1997

Journal of General Virology

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The majority of human endogenous retroviral HERV-H elements in the human genome have large deletions in pol and lack most of env, 5-10 % are more or less complete with a potentially immunosuppressive transmembrane protein-encoding env region. Spliced HERV-H env transcripts were detected in T-cell leukaemia cell lines and lymphocytes from healthy blood donors by using RT-PCR. The transcripts all contained a splice donor in the leader region downstream from the primer-binding site and a previously unreported splice acceptor in the integrase-encoding region of pol, absent in the HERV-H deletion elements. In singly spliced transcripts the leader and integrase regions were joined directly whereas in multiply spliced transcripts they were joined with an alternative exon from the protease-encoding region located between the two

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spliced human endogenous retroviral HERV-H env transcripts in T-cell leukaemia cell lines and normal leukocytes: alternative splicing pattern of HERV-H transcripts.

Lindeskog

Blomberg

1997

Journal of General Virology

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“…Elements from this family of HERVs have previously been detected in the genomes of great apes and Old World monkeys but not in more distantly related species, which would indicate an integration of this family into the primate genome about 30 million years ago (reviewed in Wilkinson et al, 1994). The large diversity reported here also indicates that it is an old family.…”

Section: Cfhmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Both large RNAs as well as smaller transcripts have been detected for the class II family in both normal and malignant cells (reviewed in Wilkinson et al, 1994). By searching the dBEST databases, we detected class II HERVs mainly in expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from neuroepithelial and germinal centre B cells (data not shown).…”

Section: Cfhmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…of this family retain some of their original retroviral functions : sequences are expressed in several tissues and cell lines (reviewed in Wilkinson et al, 1994), some encode enzymatically functional proteins (reviewed in Wilkinson et al, 1994 ;Lo$ wer et al, 1996 ;Kitamura et al, 1996), some encode particles released from teratocarcinoma cell lines, and gag proteins have been detected in the cytoplasm of human testicular tumours (reviewed in Lo$ wer et al, 1996), and class II HERV transcripts have been identified in particles released from a breast cancer cell line (Seifarth et al, 1995). Moreover, a class II HERV was recently isolated from pancreatic islets and serum from type I diabetes patients (Conrad et al, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Class II HERVs have been identified by various methods : by screening human genomic libraries with probes derived from mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) or mouse intracisternal A-particle (MIAP) (reviewed in Wilkinson et al, 1994), by using PCR (Medstrand & Blomberg, 1993 ;Seifarth et al, 1995 ;Conrad et al, 1997) or in association with characterization of other cellular genes (Yu, 1991). In two of the studies several distantly related clones were isolated and classified into different groups.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversity of human endogenous retrovirus class II-like sequences.

Andersson

Lindeskog

Medstrand

et al. 1999

Journal of General Virology

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Class II human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), often referred to as mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV)-like or HERV-K elements, have similarities to several animal infectious retroviruses. Single clones from each of nine class II HERV groups (NMWV 1 to NMWV 9), isolated from a human breast cancer cell genomic library, were sequenced over a 244 bp stretch of the conserved reverse transcriptase region. These sequences were aligned to related exogenous and endogenous retroviruses and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Sequences with more than 80 % identity were considered as members of one group and we report here that the class II HERV family consists of at least ten groups. Three of the sequenced clones, from groups NMWV 3, 7 and 9, could not be related to any other previously identified elements and constituted their own groups. NMWV 8 had no similarity to any retroviral sequences in the sequenced region and is so far considered to be non-retroviral.Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), with similarities to exogenous retroviruses known to cause disease in animals, constitute approximately 0n1-0n6 % of the human genome (Leib-Mo$ sch et al., 1990) and are probably relics of ancient infections and germline integrations. A large group of HERVs, the class II family (Callahan, 1988), are related to type A, B, D and avian type C retroviruses on the basis of their pol gene sequences. Several observations indicate that certain members

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Expression of the endogenous retrovirus ERV3 (HERV-R) during induced monocytic differentiation in the U-937 cell line

Larsson

Venables²,

Andersson

et al. 1996

Int. J. Cancer

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ERV3 (HERV-R) is a complete human endogenous retrovirus located on the long arm of chromosome 7. LTR-env-genespliced mRNA of 9 and 3.5 Kb is widely expressed in human tissues and cells, but gag-pol mRNA has not been found.Further, the env gp70 gene contains an open reading frame throughout its length and its expression has recently been detected as a full-length protein. The highest expression of ERV3 detected so far is in placenta and the lowest in cytotrophoblasts and choriocarcinoma cell lines. In this report we have studied ERV3 mRNA and protein expression in the human monoblastic cell line U-937 during differentiation into monocytes/macrophages. Differentiation of U-937 cells was induced by I ,25a-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitD,), retinoic acid (RA), gamma interferon (IFN-y) and phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA-TPA). The expression of ERV3 env mRNA was found to be differentiation-associated, with high expression detected in the late stages of monocytic development. Using TPA, the expression of ERV3 env was detected as 9-and 3.5-kb transcripts by Northern blotting, as mRNA by in situ hybridization and as a cytoplasmic 65-kDa protein by immunofluorescence and Western blots. Low levels of basal expression were found, with up-regulation of both message and protein at 24 to 48 hr after addition of TPA.Induction with vitD,, IFN--y and RA produced higher levels of mRNA at earlier time points. It is concluded that the U-937 cell line represents an excellent model system for further studies to study the relationship between ERV3 expression and cellular differentiation.

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Endogenous Human Retroviruses

Cited by 187 publications

References 306 publications

Spliced human endogenous retroviral HERV-H env transcripts in T-cell leukaemia cell lines and normal leukocytes: alternative splicing pattern of HERV-H transcripts.

Spliced human endogenous retroviral HERV-H env transcripts in T-cell leukaemia cell lines and normal leukocytes: alternative splicing pattern of HERV-H transcripts.

Diversity of human endogenous retrovirus class II-like sequences.

Expression of the endogenous retrovirus ERV3 (HERV-R) during induced monocytic differentiation in the U-937 cell line

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