Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals - the X Factor in Different Pathologies

Abstract

Endocrine disruptors (ED) are exogenous agents that interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system and they are considered environmental chemicals with estrogen-like and/or anti-androgenic activity with important impact on the reproductive axis. They act via nuclear receptors, non-nuclear steroid receptors, nonsteroidal receptors, orphan receptors, and different enzyme pathways involved in the biosynthesis and/or metabolism of steroids. The molecules identified as ED and sources of exposure are diverse and vary worldwide, including from natural chemicals found in human and animal food (the main source) up to synthetic chemicals, such as as solvents, plasticizers, pesticides, fungicides, pharmaceuticals etc. ED are incriminated in the occurrence of malignant tumors, birth defects, attention deficit disorders, cognitive impairment, brain development, deformations of the body (including limbs), disturbance of sexual development, menstrual irregularity, precocious puberty, feminizing or masculinizing effects, abortion, not least obesity and decreased fertility. The principles of action are still studied and controversial, therefore, it is difficult to determine the minimum level at which adverse effect occurs and further studies are required.

Blood Parathyrin and Mineral Metabolism Dynamics. A clinical analyze

“…Parathyrin represents parthomorne (PTH) or parathyroid hormone, the product of parathyroid glands [1]. Many diseases of the bone like primary/secondary osteoporosis or osteomalacia induce changes of circulating parathyrin [2][3][4]. Even metabolic conditions like metabolic syndrome and/or each of its components are linked to anomalies of bone turnover markers (BTM) and bone hormones including 25-hydoxyvitamin D (25OHD) and PTH.…”

The Risk Factors and Chemical Composition of Encrustation of Ureteral Double J Stents in Patients with Urolithiasis

“…occurrence of encrustation such as: lithiasis, urinary sepsis [12], systemic malignancy [13,14], chemotherapy [15], urinary tract malignancy [16], pregnancy [17,18], chronic kidney disease [19] and metabolic abnormalities, the indwelling time remains the primordial factor affecting the rate of encrustation [20][21][22][23][24]. More rare, other comorbidities or treatments may have an influence on the rate of encrustation [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32].…”

Cardiovascular risk in patients with inflamma-tory bowel diseases: a review

“…The coronary arteries present changes in patients with IBD, due to atherosclerosis, with rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque and thrombosis, resulting in myocardial ischemia and acute myocardial infarction, especially when cardiovascular risk factors are associated (smoking, dyslipidemia, family history of coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension) (COCOLOS & al [44]; HA & al [45]). C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, which are increased in patients with IBD, especially in the IBD flares, are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and mesenteric ischemia (AGGARRWAL & al [46]).…”