Endemic infection of cattle with multiple genotypes of Theileria orientalis on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales despite limited presence of ticks

Lakew, Biniam T.; Kheravii, Sarbast K.; Wu, Shubiao; Eastwood, Steve; Andrew, Nigel R.; Jenkins, Cheryl; Walkden‐Brown, Stephen W.

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101645

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Furthermore, the effect of climate change on the re-emergence of TBDs, especially in temperate countries like South Korea, could have also aided on the disease incidence. However, due to the absence of ticks in the herd, the possibility of transmission via other mechanisms such as husbandry practices, transplacental and colostral transfer, are also likely, as suggested by Lakew et al [17] who investigated on endemic multiple genotype infection of T. orientalis, despite limited presence of ticks. Additionally, the clinical manifestations of BATOG to AW133 could have interplayed with the weakened immunity due to age, lactation period, and parity.…”

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confidence: 99%

A clinical case of bovine anemia due to Theileria orientalis group in a non-grazed dairy cow in the upper part of South Korea

Espiritu

Lee²,

Lee

et al. 2021

Korean J Vet Res

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This study reports the detection and genotyping of the first clinical case of bovine anemia due to Theileria orientalis group (BATOG) in non-grazed dairy cow in upper Korea. Blood and serum tests revealed anemia and hyperbilirubinemia from animal showing clinical symptoms, and later confirmed as piroplasmosis-positive. Follow-up surveillance on the herd revealed 2 asymptomatic cows with anemia. The three animals were confirmed theileriosis-positive and genotyping revealed the clinical and one of the asymptomatic cases have Chitose, while the other has Ikeda genotype. Clinical BATOG cases were rarely reported worldwide, and asymptomatic animals left untreated could serve as parasite reservoir.

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confidence: 99%

A clinical case of bovine anemia due to Theileria orientalis group in a non-grazed dairy cow in the upper part of South Korea

Espiritu

Lee²,

Lee

et al. 2021

Korean J Vet Res

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“…While H. bancrofti has been posited as a vector for T. orientalis Ikeda [ 31 , 59 ], relatively few cases of theileriosis have been diagnosed within the range of this species that do not also overlap the range of H. longicornis [ 56 , 60 ]. In one study, observations of H. bancrofti but not H. longicornis in the Northern Tablelands of NSW, where theileriosis is known to occur [ 31 ], seem to suggest that H. bancrofti is also a vector for T. orientalis Ikeda. However, it is important to note that in that study, H. bancrofti ticks were only obtained from a single property.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…have also been shown to be vectors of T. orientalis, such as H. megaspinosa and H. douglasi in Japan [ 2 ]. In Australia, historically, it was thought that the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus australis , was the vector for theileriosis; however, it is now known that T. orientalis is transmitted by H. longicornis [ 23 ], with H. bancrofti (wallaby tick) also a likely vector [ 31 ]. T. orientalis can also be transmitted mechanically via biting lice [ 32 ] or iatrogenic means [ 33 ], and a low rate of transplacental transmission has also been reported [ 34 , 35 ]; however, it is notable that the majority of clinical disease outbreaks are reported to occur within the known range of the vector tick or where tick density is highest [ 30 , 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical signs that have been reported around the world also include pyrexia, depression, inappetence, weakness, and reduced lactation [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 37 , 38 ]. In Australia, commonly cited clinical signs include, but are not limited to, anaemia, jaundice, lethargy, and abortions [ 8 , 13 , 22 , 31 , 39 ]. Subclinical infections are also common where parasitaemia can be present without clinical disease, including infection with T. orientalis Ikeda [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology, Clinical Signs, and Risk Factors Associated with Theileriosis in Australian Cattle (2006–2022)

Onizawa,

Jenkins

2024

Pathogens

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For over a decade, bovine anaemia caused by Theileria orientalis Ikeda has been a significant disease in the Australian cattle industry. In this study, we conducted a spatial and temporal analysis of theileriosis in Australia using historic data from submissions to the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) from 2006 to 2022, where herd history, clinical signs, and PCR results were available. Since the first detections of bovine theileriosis in the Sydney area in 2006, the disease spread north- and southward and is now endemic to the southeast coast of Australia, closely mirroring the distribution of the principal vector Haemaphysalis longicornis. Across all years, the prevalence of the Ikeda genotype was 88%, while the prevalence of the benign Chitose and Buffeli genotypes was 55% and 38%, respectively. The majority of submissions were from beef cattle in coastal NSW, with anaemia, fever, jaundice, abortion, and lethargy the most frequently reported clinical signs. Transportation was identified as the major risk factor for disease. Until 2015, the majority of cases were reported in adult cattle, while in later years, calves made up the majority of cases, most likely due to the widespread acquisition of immunity in adults. Calves were significantly more likely to present with diarrhoea, lethargy, and anaemia, and to suffer mortality, while adults were significantly more likely to present with jaundice. Instances of abortion were observed to be significantly associated with beef cattle. The relationship between the level of parasitaemia and anaemia revealed a strong negative correlation for all animals examined.

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“…To our knowledge, Buffeli genotypes were not detected in any previous study conducted in WA using Buffeli genotype-specific PCR assays [ 4 , 12 ]. The Buffeli genotype is generally considered to be avirulent, slow to develop, and with low parasitaemia [ 27 ]. In addition, animals with Buffeli infections generally exhibit either no or mild clinical signs [ 28 ], and it is unlikely that asymptomatic animals would be tested for T. orientalis .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Prevalence of Theileria orientalis Genotypes in Adult Lactating Dairy Cows in South West Region of Western Australia

et al. 2023

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Bovine anaemia caused by Theileria orientalis group (BATOG) causes significant production and economic losses in Australia’s cattle industry. The pathogenic T. orientalis genotypes reported in Australian cattle are type 1 (Chitose) and type 2 (Ikeda). The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of T. orientalis genotypes in adult lactating cows in Western Australia (WA) dairy herds. A total of 100 whole blood samples from lactating cows from 10 farms were obtained and screened for T. orientalis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sanger sequencing was subsequently used to characterise T. orientalis genotypes isolated from positive samples. A total of thirteen cows (13%; 95% CI: 7.1–21.2%) were positive for T. orientalis, and six out of ten farms (60%; 95% CI: 26.2–87.8%) housed at least one T. orientalis-positive cow. The distribution of T. orientalis was found to be wide and dense in the South west region of WA and the southern coast of WA. The predominant T. orientalis genotype identified was Ikeda (n = 11, 11%; 95% CI: 5.6–18.8%), while the Buffeli genotype was identified in WA for the first time, albeit at a low prevalence (n = 1, 1%; 95% CI: 0.0–5.4%). This study has provided useful epidemiological evidence on the prevalence and distribution of T. orientalis in adult lactating dairy cows in WA dairy farms, and on the importance of conducting widespread surveillance programs for the understanding of BATOG in WA.

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Endemic infection of cattle with multiple genotypes of Theileria orientalis on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales despite limited presence of ticks

Cited by 8 publications

References 60 publications

A clinical case of bovine anemia due to Theileria orientalis group in a non-grazed dairy cow in the upper part of South Korea

A clinical case of bovine anemia due to Theileria orientalis group in a non-grazed dairy cow in the upper part of South Korea

Epidemiology, Clinical Signs, and Risk Factors Associated with Theileriosis in Australian Cattle (2006–2022)

Distribution and Prevalence of Theileria orientalis Genotypes in Adult Lactating Dairy Cows in South West Region of Western Australia

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