Endangered Lymphocytes: The Effects of Alloxan and Streptozotocin on Immune Cells in Type 1 Induced Diabetes

Abstract

Alloxan (ALX) and streptozotocin (STZ) are extensively used to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D) in animal models. This study is aimed at evaluating the differences in immune parameters caused by ALX and STZ. T1D was induced either with ALX or with STZ, and the animals were followed for up to 180 days. Both ALX and STZ induced a decrease in the total number of circulating leukocytes and lymphocytes, with an increase in granulocytes when compared to control mice (CT). STZ-treated mice also exhibited an increase in neutrophils and a reduction in the lymphocyte percentage in the bone marrow. In addition, while the STZ-treated group showed a decrease in total CD3+, CD4-CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes in the thymus and CD19+ B lymphocytes in the pancreas and spleen, the ALX group showed an increase in CD4-CD8+ and CD19+ only in the thymus. Basal levels of splenic interleukin- (IL-) 1β and pancreatic IL-6 in the STZ group were decreased. Both diabetic groups showed atrophy of the thymic medulla and degeneration of pancreatic islets of Langerhans composed of inflammatory infiltration and hyperemia with vasodilation. ALX-treated mice showed a decrease in reticuloendothelial cells, enhanced lymphocyte/thymocyte cell death, and increased number of Hassall’s corpuscles. Reduced in vitro activation of splenic lymphocytes was found in the STZ-treated group. Furthermore, mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) showed a more intense antigen-specific paw edema response in the STZ-treated group, while production of anti-OVA IgG1 antibodies was similar in both groups. Thereby, important changes in immune cell parameters in vivo and in vitro were found at an early stage of T1D in the STZ-treated group, whereas alterations in the ALX-treated group were mostly found in the chronic phase of T1D, including increased mortality rates. These findings suggest that the effects of ALX and STZ influenced, at different times, lymphoid organs and their cell populations.

Neurosteroid, Natural and Anabolic Steroids: Physiological, Immunological and Histopathological Study on Diabetic Albino Rats

“…The total WBCs count, lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly decreased, while granulocytes were significantly increased compared with diabetic control group and normal control group. These results are line with Queiroz et al [24], which suggested the administration of alloxan into the animals caused a decrease in lymphocytes and in general, the total number of circulating leukocytes, while granulocytes increased.…”

Herbal Products and Their Active Constituents for Diabetic Wound Healing—Preclinical and Clinical Studies: A Systematic Review

“…Inhibition of glucokinase reduces glucose oxidation and ATP generation, thereby suppressing the ATP signal that triggers insulin secretion [ 12 ]. Alloxan monohydrate can induce type 1 diabetes [ 15 ]. In a few reported studies, induction of diabetes was based on the combination of STZ with a high-fat diet (STZ/HFD) [ 16 ] or carried out on genetically modified animals with diabetes (leptin receptor-deficient (Leprdb/JNju, db/db) mice) [ 17 ].…”

Avaliação do Efeito da Hiperglicemia na Via da Autofagia em Macrófagos de Camundongos Diabéticos

“…BioBreeding ou BB (BioBreeding Diabetes Prone BB-DP rats), e pela indução química experimental de diabetes utilizando agentes chamados 20etonuria20ico -aloxana (ALOX) e a estreptozotocina (STZ) (GRAHAM; SCHUURMAN, 2015;QUEIROZ et al, 2021).…”

“…Os animais não diabéticos receberam apenas solução fisiológica pela mesma via. Somente foram considerados animais diabéticos, aqueles que apresentaram glicemia superior a 300 mg/dL(QUEIROZ et al, 2021; e SPILLER et al, 2012).4.Aldrich), com 20% de soro fetal bovino (SBF) (Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, Mo, USA) e 30% de indutor de diferenciação de macrófagos obtidos de meio condicionado da cultura do cultivo de fibroblastos L929 (LCCM), durante sete dias, onde no quarto dia, foi feita a suplementação da cultura…”