Encouraging regeneration in the central nervous system: Is there a role for olfactory ensheathing cells?

King-Robson, Josh

doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.12.012

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…This role in progenitor maintenance is also supported by the expression pattern of sox21 ; it is highly expressed in the forebrain, mid-hindbrain boundary (MHB) and olfactory placodes (Cunningham et al, 2008), which are regions characterized by delayed neurogenesis (Baek et al, 2006; King-Robson, 2011; Stigloher et al, 2008). This suggests that Sox21 may be utilized during brain development to maintain a pool of progenitors as other cells differentiate, perhaps to form a properly sized brain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sox21 regulates the progression of neuronal differentiation in a dose-dependent manner

Whittington

Cunningham

et al. 2015

Developmental Biology

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Members of the SoxB transcription factor family play critical roles in the regulation of neurogenesis. The SoxB1 proteins are required for the induction and maintenance of a proliferating neural progenitor population in numerous vertebrates, however the role of the SoxB2 protein, Sox21, is less clear due to conflicting studies. To clarify the role of Sox21 in neurogenesis, we examined its function in the Xenopus neural plate. Here we report that misexpression of Sox21 expands the neural progenitor domain, and represses neuron formation by binding to Neurogenin (Ngn2) and blocking its function. Conversely, we found that Sox21 is also required for neuron formation, as cells lacking Sox21 undergo cell death and thus are unable to differentiate. Together our data indicate that Sox21 plays more than one role in neurogenesis, where a threshold level is required for cell viability and normal differentiation of neurons, but a higher concentration of Sox21 inhibits neuron formation and instead promotes progenitor maintenance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sox21 regulates the progression of neuronal differentiation in a dose-dependent manner

Whittington

Cunningham

et al. 2015

Developmental Biology

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“…It can develop both in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system and shares functions with Schwann cell and astrocytes (Montgomery et al, 1996). OEC can secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, among others, which can facilitate the regeneration of synapses (Lu and Waite, 1999;Fairless and Barnett, 2005;King-Robson, 2011;Kerever at al., 2014;Li et al, 2014). In addition, cell adhesion molecules and adhesive glycoproteins are secreted from OECs and have a positive effect on axon growth and tunica vaginalis formation outside of axons; OECs also inhibit hyperplasia of glial cells, the formation of scars, and reduce the loss of tissues at the injury site (Chuah et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of muscle basal lamina carrying neural stem cells and olfactory ensheathing cells in spinal cord repair

et al. 2015

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT.We examined the effect of muscle basal lamina (MBL) with neural stem cells (NSCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) on spinal cord injury repair. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to spinal cord hemisection and divided into 6 groups. In blank control group (group A), the ends of the spinal cord hemisection model were flushed with physiological saline. In NSC transplantation group (B), OEC transplantation group (C), MBL with NSC transplantation group (D), MBL with OEC transplantation group (E), and MBL with NSC and OEC transplantation group (F), NSCs, OECs, MBL with NSCs, MBL with OECs, and MBL with NSCs and OECs were implanted into the ends of the hemisection model. Survival and migration of transplanted cells were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence after 4 and 8 weeks. Hind limb function repair was evaluated by Bundle branch block score at various time points before and after surgery. MBL could promote NSC growth along its lumen and promote host cell advancement in the lumen, reducing local inflammatory responses. Using MBL with NSCs 13438 X.W. Kang et al.©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 14 (4): 13437-13455 (2015) and/or OECs for spinal cord repair shows advantages over simple cell transplantation. Group F contained more nerve cells in muscle basal lamina than group E. This method is useful for forming more axons, synaptic connections, and signal transduction pathways. However, these new axons showed nerve demyelination, which may greatly limit nerve signal conduction. In group F, OECs could induce neural stem cells, axonal growth, and synaptic connection formation, but its role is limited.

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“…Olfactory ensheathing cells span from the peripheral nasal tissues into the CNS tissue and ensheath nonmyelinated axons. 28,38,50 They have been shown to promote neuronal recovery and repair in animal models of SCI. 51 The largest study performed utilizing olfactory ensheathing cells was conducted by Chen and colleagues, 12 in which 327 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were injected with cells in the brain, spinal cord, or both sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of clinical experience using cell-based therapies in patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review

Harrop

Hashimoto

Norvell

et al. 2012

SPI

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Object Using a systematic approach, the authors evaluated the current utilization, safety, and effectiveness of cellular therapies for traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs) in humans. Methods A systematic search and critical review of the literature published through mid-January 2012 was performed. Articles included in the search were restricted to the English language, studies with at least 10 patients, and those analyzing cellular therapies for traumatic SCI. Citations were evaluated for relevance using a priori criteria, and those that met the inclusion criteria were critically reviewed. Each article was then designated a level of evidence that was developed by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Results The initial literature search identified 651 relevant articles, which decreased to 350 after excluding case reports and reviews. Evaluation of articles at the title/abstract level, and later at the full-text level, limited the final article set to 12 papers. The following cellular therapies employed in humans with SCI are reviewed: bone marrow mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells (8 studies), olfactory ensheathing cells (2 studies), Schwann cells (1 study), and fetal neurogenic tissue (1 study). Overall the quality of the literature was very low, with 3 Grade III levels of evidence and 9 Grade IV studies. Conclusions Several different cellular-mediated strategies for adult SCI have been reported to be relatively safe with varying degrees of neurological recovery. However, the literature is of low quality and there is a need for improved preclinical studies and prospective, controlled clinical trials.

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Encouraging regeneration in the central nervous system: Is there a role for olfactory ensheathing cells?

Cited by 17 publications

References 140 publications

Sox21 regulates the progression of neuronal differentiation in a dose-dependent manner

Sox21 regulates the progression of neuronal differentiation in a dose-dependent manner

Effectiveness of muscle basal lamina carrying neural stem cells and olfactory ensheathing cells in spinal cord repair

Evaluation of clinical experience using cell-based therapies in patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review

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