Encapsulation of polyphenolic grape seed extract in polymer-coated liposomes

Abstract

Polyphenolic grape seed extract (0.1 w/v%) was encapsulated in liposomes (1% soy lecithin) by high pressure homogenization at 22 500 psi. Liposomes containing grape extract had mean particle diameters of <100 nm compared to control liposomes that contained no extract and that had mean particle diameters of <40 nm. Liposomes with grape seed extract were long-term oxidatively stable, e.g. significantly less hexanal (<15 μmol L(-1)) was formed during storage for 150 days compared to liposomes without extract (>717 μmol L(-1)). Over 80% of the polyphenolic compounds in grape seed extract were incorporated into the liposomal membrane rather than into their interior and compounds remained integrated even if the system pH was changed. Coated liposomes were prepared by alternately adding a cationic polymer (chitosan) and an anionic polymer (citrus pectin). Up to 4 coats could be deposited onto the liposomes without incurring aggregation, i.e. dispersions were physically stable during storage for up to 150 days. Deposition of multiple biopolymer coats onto liposomes decreased the amount of polyphenols that reacted with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, suggesting that the polyphenols were no longer exposed to the aqueous phase. Our results hence indicate that polymer-coated liposomes are highly capable carrier systems for polyphenols that may have reduced interactions with ingredients in complex media such as foods.

Phyto-Niosomes:In VitroAssessment of the Novel Nanovesicles Containing Marigold Extract

“…During the last decades, novel drug delivery systems have been developed [14][15][16]. Within this aim, many strategies were used such as micro/nanoemulsions, liposomes, polymeric encapsulation and other lipophilic carriers [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. On the contrast of mentioned carriers, niosomes have moved forward to enhance the solubility and to prevent the side effects of whole plant extracts.…”

Formation and Characterization of Green Tea Extract Loaded Liposomes

“…Previous studies indicate the mean particle size was highly dependent on the composition of liposomes. In the study carried by Gibis and others () it was concluded the size of the liposomes depended on the material that was encapsulated into liposomes. Similarly, in our study, it was observed the mean particle size of the green tea extract loaded liposomes were higher than the unloaded liposomes’ mean particle size.…”

“…Similarly, in our study, it was observed the mean particle size of the green tea extract loaded liposomes were higher than the unloaded liposomes’ mean particle size. This result might be explained by the fact that phenolic compounds might be incorporated into a lipid bilayer and/or may be absorbed onto the surface of liposomes as well as incorporated into the interior region of the liposomes which could be due to hydrogen bonding between polar head groups and the phenolic compounds in the extract, hydrophobic interactions between the fatty acid tails of the polar lipid and the more hydrophobic moieties of the phenolic compounds, or thermodynamic driving forces such as the liposomes attaining a more optimal configuration (Gibis and others ). A hypothetical diagram of the liposomes loaded with green tee extract is also provided as a supplement (Figure S1).…”

“…However, poor stability of green tea polyphenols limits the application of green tea in food products although it exhibits even higher antioxidant properties than α‐tocopherol, hydroxyanisolebutylated or hydroxytoluenebutylated (Kailaku and others ; Rashidinejad and others ). Thus, entrapping green tea into liposomes could bear out to overcome limitations of green tea polyphenols due to the fact that liposomes are considered as a promising delivery system for phenolic compounds (Gibis and others ).…”

Integration of Quercetin-Iron Complexes into Phosphatidylcholine or Phosphatidylethanolamine Liposomes

“…But, they are low soluble in water and express low bioavailability. That is why the development of liposomal vehicles for flavonoid delivery has become topical in the last years [7,8]. It was found that the incorporation of flavonoid quercetin into liposomes increased its bioavailability [9] and enhanced transdermal permeation [10].…”