Encapsulation of Berberis vulgaris Anthocyanins into Nanoliposome Composed of Rapeseed Lecithin: A Comprehensive Study on Physicochemical Characteristics and Biocompatibility

Abstract

In the present study, nanoliposomes composed of rapeseed lecithin were used for the encapsulation of anthocyanin compounds (AC). The nanoliposomes were prepared using hydration and ultrasound combined method, and the effect of AC concentration (4.5, 6.75, 9% w/w) on the characteristics of nanoliposomes including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of nanoliposomes with and without AC were studied. The results suggested the fabricated nanoliposomes had a size range of 141–196 nm, negative zeta potential and narrow particle size distribution. Further, the samples containing 9% extract had the maximum EE (43%). The results showed elevation of AC concentration resulted in increased particle size, PDI, EE, and surface charge of nanoparticles. The presence of AC extract led to diminished membrane fluidity through the hydrophobic interactions with the hydrocarbon chain of fatty acids. TEM images suggested that the nanoliposomes were nearly spherical and the AC caused their improved sphericity. Further, in vitro biocompatibility tests for human mesenchymal (MSC) and fibroblast (FBL) cells indicated nanoparticles were not toxic. Specifically, the best formulations with the maximum compatibility and bioavailability for MSC and FBL cells were AC-loaded nanoliposomes with concentrations of 0.5 mL/mg and 10.3 mL/µg and, respectively.

Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Low-Soluble Polyphenols into Nanoliposomes by pH-Driven Method: Naringenin and Naringin as Model Compounds

“…In the early stage of storage, the aggregation of nanoliposomes may cause little increase the PDI, while the PDI of the later supersaturated nanoliposomes may decrease due to the precipitation of part of naringenin. Similar to Homayoonfal et al’s study of the stability of anthocyanin compound loaded nanoliposomes at 37 °C, there were no significant difference in the parameters of PDI and ζ-potential after one month of storage, but the particle diameter and encapsulation efficiency significantly increased and decreased, respectively [ 36 ]. Although the instability mechanism is not yet clear, it may be because of the aggregation and leakage of nanoliposomes and chemical degradation of naringenin in nanoliposomes solutions, which results in color changes or precipitation at high store temperature [ 20 , 37 , 38 ].…”

Employ of Anthocyanins in nanocarriers for Nano Delivery: <em>I</em><em>n Vitro</em> and <em>I</em><em>n Vivo</em> Experimental Approaches for Chronic Diseases

“…Among them, carbohydrates derived from alginate and chitosan, natural gums, and protein derivatives are the most popular [164,177]. They are very effective in encapsulating anthocyanins and contribute greatly to shifting the flavylium cation structure, protecting them from negative environmental effects, thus promoting their stability in the gastrointestinal tract and increasing their bioavailability [20,160,178]. Thus, several studies have already shown that encapsulation of anthocyanins with chitosan and derivatives can improve their physical and oxidative stability, preserve their antioxidant activity, and promote a slower degradation during simulated gastrointestinal digestion and environmental storage [22,27,164,179,180].…”

“…In addition, as once they are composed of an aqueous core and a spherical hydrophobic shell, they can transport hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic molecules as well as ease cross the blood-brain barrier [173]. Regarding their encapsulation with anthocyanins, Homayoonfal and colleagues [178] have shown that they can enhance the antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins in a very remarkable and effective manner, as well as increase the metabolite activity and replication of human mesenchymal MSC and fibroblast FBL stem cells, at concentrations of 0.5 mg/mL and 10.4 µg/mL, respectively, after a one-week of treatment. Moreover, it has been also reported that there is a positive correlation between the size of nanoliposome particles and the encapsulation efficiency [161].…”

Uso da tecnologia de lipossomas no encapsulamento de compostos bioativos - Revisão

“…A encapsulação em lipossomas de antocianinas extraídas de arônia se provou eficiente para aumentar a estabilidade, atividade antioxidante e permeabilidade na pele (LEE; NA, 2020). Lipossomas compostos de lecitina de colza foram utilizados para encapsular antocianinas extraídas de Berberis vulgaris, formando nanopartículas compatíveis com células mesenquimais humanas e fibroblastos (HOMAYOONFAL et al, 2021). Outros trabalhos reportam melhoria da estabilidade e capacidade antioxidante de antocianina após passagem por fluido gastrointestinal simulado (FAN et al, 2021;SHISHIR et al, 2020;.…”