“…With the general chemical formula, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , HAp is a bioactive bioceramic belonging to the apatite family and is chemically similar to the mineral component of hard tissues found in mammals [ 1 , 2 ]. Therefore, due to its outstanding biological and physico-chemical properties, HAp, is widely used in biomedical applications for hard tissue replacements, scaffolds, as coating for implantable devices, and as a reinforcement material in biocomposites [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Despite its numerous properties, some drawbacks of HAp such as slow growth rate and the predilection of facilitating bacterial adherence and proliferation have been identified [ 7 ].…”