Empyema of the nasal conchal bulla as a cause of chronic unilateral nasal discharge in the horse: 10 cases (2013–2014)

Dixon, Paddy; Froydenlund, Tim; Liuti, Tiziana; Kane-Smyth, Justine; Horbal, Apryle; Reardon, Richard

doi:10.1111/evj.12322

Cited by 38 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The DCB drainage apertures always lay on the ventral aspect, while the drainage from the VCB was always in a dorsal or dorsorostral direction. Therefore, the ventral drainage from the DCB, despite its more complex internal architecture, is likely to be more effective, which may explain the reported predominance of empyema of the VCB (8/10 cases) in comparison with the DCB (2/10 cases) in a recent study (Dixon and others 2015). In addition, because of their proximity, periapical infection of the rostral cheek teeth may predispose to empyema of the VCB, but not the DCB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…These age-related changes in the VCB may affect their drainage, and thus, their propensity to disease. In the recent case review (Dixon and others 2015), the treated horses had a mean age of 8.5 years (range 3–15 years).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pathological fistulation through the conchal septum and the caudal wall of the bulla is, therefore, feasible. Dixon and others (2015) reported one of eight cases of conchal bulla empyema to have fistulation between the VCB and ventral conchal sinus. In the current study, only a fine membrane was found separating a bulla from the adjacent sinus in two cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both nasal conchae are continued rostrally by mucosal folds, which in the case of the ventral concha contains a thick venous plexus (Hare 1975). While the term ‘ventral conchal bulla’ is commonly used to describe the soft bony lamella extending from the dorsal aspect of the maxillary septum (Getty and Hillman 1975, Perkins and others 2009a, b, Finnegan and others 2011), based on Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (International Committee On Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature 2012), this structure is more accurately termed the bulla of the septum sinuum maxillarium (maxillary septal bulla) (Brinkschulte and others 2014, Dixon and others 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Anatomical and histological study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses

et al. 2015

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The morphology of the dorsal conchal bulla (DCB) and ventral conchal bulla (VCB) are poorly described. The recent recognition that these bullae can become infected, causing chronic unilateral nasal discharge, has stimulated interest in these structures. Fourteen cadaveric horse heads were transected sagittally midline and dissected to expose the nasal conchal bullae. The dimensions of each bulla, the number and orientation of drainage apertures, and cellulae septae were recorded. Randomly selected samples were examined histologically. The mean DCB and VCB lengths were 78 and 57 mm, respectively; equivalent to 13.9 per cent and 10.2 per cent of skull length, respectively. The mean DCB and VCB heights were 29 and 28 mm, respectively; equivalent to 5.2 per cent and 5 per cent of skull length, respectively. The DCB was larger than the VCB, containing more septae, cellulae and drainage apertures. No communications were identified between the bullae and the immediately adjacent paranasal sinuses. Histology revealed that the bullae consist of ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar epithelium over glandular submucosa often overlying turbinate bone and, variably, hyaline cartilage. This more detailed description of equine DCB and VCB anatomy will hopefully facilitate successful treatment of their disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical and histological study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses

et al. 2015

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“…It has recently been reported that pathology of the dorsal (DCB) and ventral conchal bullae (VCB) is a relatively common and very probably underdiagnosed cause of unilateral nasal discharge in horses (Dixon et al . ). The paper by Dixon et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Radiographic identification of the equine dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae

Giavitto¹,

Barakzai

2017

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary The recent understanding that pathology of the nasal dorsal (DCB) and ventral (VCB) conchal bullae can be a common and underdiagnosed cause of unilateral nasal discharge in horses, has generated new interest in these structures. The normal computed tomographic anatomy of the bullae has been described in detail; however, computed tomography facilities are still limited to referral centres, and radiography remains the primary diagnostic imaging modality for most equine practitioners. The purpose of this descriptive imaging study was to describe the radiographic anatomy and limits of both DCB and VCB in equine cadaver skulls. The heads of 10 horses (7 horses, 3 ponies) of unknown age were transected sagittally in the midline, and five radiographic projections (left and right laterolateral, left and right latero30°dorsal–lateroventral oblique and dorsoventral) of the sinuses and nasal cavities were obtained, before and after the placement of stainless steel wire moulded inside the bullae. The radiographic appearance of the VCB and DCB was evaluated on both plain and wire radiographs, assessing their anatomical limits in relation to the cheek teeth and describing the variations related to age and type of horse. The radiographs allowed correct identification of the rostral and caudal limits of the DCB and of the rostral limit of the VCB in the majority of the horse heads. Mild variations in the radiographic appearance of the bullae between horse and pony heads were noted. The laterolateral projections resulted in the best visualisation of the bullae in all the heads used in the study. This study showed that the VCB and DCB are radiographically identifiable on plain radiographs in most mature horses, and that pathology of these structures may be identifiable using radiography.

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Complications of Oral and Salivary Gland Surgery

Dixon

Reardon

2021

Complications in Equine Surgery

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Empyema of the nasal conchal bulla as a cause of chronic unilateral nasal discharge in the horse: 10 cases (2013–2014)

Cited by 38 publications

References 10 publications

Anatomical and histological study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses

Anatomical and histological study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses

Radiographic identification of the equine dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae

Complications of Oral and Salivary Gland Surgery

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