Summary The recent understanding that pathology of the nasal dorsal (DCB) and ventral (VCB) conchal bullae can be a common and underdiagnosed cause of unilateral nasal discharge in horses, has generated new interest in these structures. The normal computed tomographic anatomy of the bullae has been described in detail; however, computed tomography facilities are still limited to referral centres, and radiography remains the primary diagnostic imaging modality for most equine practitioners. The purpose of this descriptive imaging study was to describe the radiographic anatomy and limits of both DCB and VCB in equine cadaver skulls. The heads of 10 horses (7 horses, 3 ponies) of unknown age were transected sagittally in the midline, and five radiographic projections (left and right laterolateral, left and right latero30°dorsal–lateroventral oblique and dorsoventral) of the sinuses and nasal cavities were obtained, before and after the placement of stainless steel wire moulded inside the bullae. The radiographic appearance of the VCB and DCB was evaluated on both plain and wire radiographs, assessing their anatomical limits in relation to the cheek teeth and describing the variations related to age and type of horse. The radiographs allowed correct identification of the rostral and caudal limits of the DCB and of the rostral limit of the VCB in the majority of the horse heads. Mild variations in the radiographic appearance of the bullae between horse and pony heads were noted. The laterolateral projections resulted in the best visualisation of the bullae in all the heads used in the study. This study showed that the VCB and DCB are radiographically identifiable on plain radiographs in most mature horses, and that pathology of these structures may be identifiable using radiography.
Summary Dental agenesis is a congenital disease defined as failure of formation of one or more teeth, which has been extensively described in human literature and that has been documented in several other species including cats, dogs, seals and sea lions, mice, and ungulates. The aim of this study was to review the clinical and computed tomographic (CT) features of tooth agenesis in a population of horses. Retrospective review of the imaging records from the Langford Equine Hospital was performed, including all horses that underwent head CT between January 2015 and June 2017. Of a total number of 167 CT scans, three horses with hypodontia were found. All three cases had agenesis of the maxillary 08s and one case had additional agenesis of the 307 and 308 teeth. Delayed resorption of the corresponding deciduous teeth was reported in all cases. The empty space left by the absent teeth was filled either by heterogeneous bone tissue alone (two cases) or by a combination of bone and soft tissue (one case). Alignment between teeth was preserved, and there was no displacement of the neighbouring teeth adjacent to the agenesis site. All three horses presented a symmetric pattern of dental agenesis within the maxillary arcades. The maxillary 08s, which are the latest to erupt, were the most affected teeth. This was similar to that reported in human literature, where the teeth that form later during development are the most vulnerable to dental agenesis.
SummaryThis case report describes the investigation and treatment of an adult horse with purulent, malodorous exudate originating from a large intermandibular mass. Microbial culture of fluid aspirated from a draining tract yielded Peptostreptococcus and Prevotella species which are usually considered to originate from the oral cavity. Computed tomography (CT) was used to aid in the diagnosis and to allow careful presurgical planning, and the horse underwent successful debridement of the abscess cavity under general anaesthesia. Post‐operatively, the horse developed trismus (reduced opening of the jaws) but repeat CT identified that the surgery site was healing appropriately. It was recommended to continue feeding the horse hay to act as physiotherapy and the masticatory action of the horse subsequently returned to normal.
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