Employing DDR to Design and Develop a Flipped Classroom and Project based Learning Module to Applying Design Thinking in Design and Technology

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to discuss the Design and Development (DDR) research approach that was used to develop a Flipped Classroom and project-based learning modules for students of Design and Technology (D&T). The module's fundamental theory is based on 21st-century teaching and learning models, as well as design thinking. The DDR process is divided into three phases: analysis of needs, design and development, and evaluation. The phase of needs analysis is used to ascertain the necessity of module development and the application of design thinking. Three distinct data collection methods were used in this phase: semi-structured interviews, survey studies, and document analysis. The findings from this phase serve as a backup for the next phase. The Isman Instructional Design Model ( 2011) is adapted for use in this phase as a guide for module design and development. Additionally, the Fuzzy Delphi Method is used to obtain expert consensus on module material design, teaching and learning strategies, software development and hardware development requirements, and module prototype evaluation. The final phase is implementation and evaluation, which focuses on determining the module's effectiveness in the actual teaching and learning process. Each finding is organised and documented more systematically and orderly in accordance with the DDR phase in order to produce more meaningful research results. The conclusion of this article proposes a conceptual framework for the research. Keywords-Flipped classroom; project-based learning; design and development (DDR); Isman instructional design model I. INTRODUCTIONThe establishment of quality students with a high level of skills and thinking ability to face the wave of global revolution of the 21st century can only be achieved by implementing a quality education system and in line with technological developments [1]. Thinking skill is a skill or ability of a person to use the intellect to understand, explore various ideas, make judgments, make decisions and solve problems [2]. These skills include analytical skills, synthesis skills, evaluative skills, and the ability to generate new and noble concepts to solve problems [3], [4]. In fact, mastery of a wide range of cognitive knowledge and skills, including problemsolving skills, reasoning and creative and innovative thinking, should be inculcated and instilled in each student's identity. These skills are needed to prepare students who are always ready to face increasingly complex, fast-paced, and highly challenging challenges now and in the future. Statistics show that 72.8% of the country's labor market for low-skilled and semi-skilled workers still depends on the skills of foreign workers. This is due to the existence of a 21st-century skills gap among students regarding skills and knowledge. Trilling and Fadel [5] found that seven essential skills of the 21st century are poorly applied among students at secondary and tertiary levels, namely, oral and written communication, critical thinking, problem-solving skills, prof...

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